Difference between revisions of "Lizard and Snake Haematology"

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[[Image:Thrombocyte.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Thrombocytes''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Monocyte.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Monocyte''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Heterophil.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Heterophil''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Lizard_eosinophil.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Eosinophil''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Basophil.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Basophil''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Lymphocytes.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Lymphocytes''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
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[[Image:Azurophil.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Azurophil''' (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)]]
 
Blood (plasma and cells) is approximately 6% of the body weight of snakes and the normal PCV of a snake is about 0.20 to 0.30 l/l (20-30%). Blood cells form in the bone marrow and spleen, and early in life, the liver.  
 
Blood (plasma and cells) is approximately 6% of the body weight of snakes and the normal PCV of a snake is about 0.20 to 0.30 l/l (20-30%). Blood cells form in the bone marrow and spleen, and early in life, the liver.  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
 
Identification of blood cells can be a problem due to lack of comprehensive reference material for reptile haematology, lack of standardised nomenclature for leucocytes, species variation, inappropriate anticoagulants, improper sampling technique and lymph dilution. Automated counting techniques may not be suitable for reptile blood samples because of the nucleated red blood cells. Reptile leucocytes are fragile and the proper technique in preparation of blood smears is important to obtain valid differentials.  
 
Identification of blood cells can be a problem due to lack of comprehensive reference material for reptile haematology, lack of standardised nomenclature for leucocytes, species variation, inappropriate anticoagulants, improper sampling technique and lymph dilution. Automated counting techniques may not be suitable for reptile blood samples because of the nucleated red blood cells. Reptile leucocytes are fragile and the proper technique in preparation of blood smears is important to obtain valid differentials.  
  
Blood cells include erythrocytes which are nucleated, [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Leucocytes|leucocytes]] ([[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Heterophils|heterophils]], [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Eosinophils|eosinophils]], [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Basophils|basophils]], [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Lymphocytes|lymphocytes]], [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Monocytes|monocytes]] and [[Lizard_and_Snake_Blood Cell_Identification#Azurophils|azurophils]]) and [[Thrombocytes|thrombocytes]].
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Blood cells include erythrocytes which are nucleated, leucocytes (heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and azurophils) and thrombocytes:
  
==Interpretation==
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===Thrombocytes===
Blood parameters in reptiles are influenced by a wide array of variables that include species, age, sex, nutritional status, physiological status, season, environment, blood sampling technique, sample handling, use of anticoagulants and methods of staining. It is also not uncommon for blood samples to be contaminated with lymph. Therefore it is preferable to obtain a set of normal reference values for each individual reptile during times of health under known environmental and nutritional conditions. The morphology of cells may provide more information than the cell counts.  
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==Staining==
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Thrombocytes are ellipsoidal to fusiform shaped with an elliptical, centrally positioned nucleus. They behave similarly to mammalian platelets and are involved in thrombus formation, blood clotting and wound healing.
Romanowsky stains, although time consuming, give the best results. DiffQuik may give adequate results. Reticulocytes are detected with new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue and other supravital stains. Cell-specific stains are available.
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===Monocytes===
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Monocytes are generally the largest leucocyte and have a nucleus that is ovoid and indented (often bean shaped). The cytoplasm usually stain blue-gray and often is vacuolated. The monocytes range is generally between 0 and 10% of the differential and may increase in chronic infections.
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===Heterophils===
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Heterophils are large cells with a round to lobed nucleus and fusiform acidophilic cytoplasmic granules. The size varies between species and often varies in individual blood smears. The primary function of heterophils may be phagocytosis. In some species heterophils are the most common leucocyte.
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===Eosinophils===
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Eosinophils are large granulocytes with spherical, acidophilic, cytoplasmic granules that stain blue with Romanowsky's stains in iguanas. The number of eosinophils in the leucocyte differential is variable.
  
{{Learning
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===Basophils===
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073085406.pdf ''' Advances in reptilian hematology and blood chemistry.''' Knotek, Z.; Trnkova, S.; Knotkova, Z.; Svoboda, M. ; Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006 World Congress Proceedings. 31st World Small Animal Association Congress, 12th European Congress FECAVA, & 14th Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 11-14 October, 2006, 2006, pp 334-336, 14 ref.]
 
  
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121842.pdf '''Reptile hematology and serum chemistry.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1673-1676, 4 ref.]
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Basophils are small spherical granulocytes with deep-staining basophilic granules. The nonlobed nucleus is slightly eccentric. The number of basophils in a differential leucocyte count is variable and species dependent.
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===Lymphocytes===
  
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Lymphocytes are mononuclear cells with scant pale blue cytoplasm. In some species lymphocytes are the most common leucocyte and may represent over 80% of the differential in some reptiles. In reptiles there may be more diversity than just T and B cells.
  
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===Azurophil===
  
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Azurophils are leucocytes with an azurophilic appearance. There is debate over their nature. They increase in numbers following antigenic challenge and with infectious diseases.
  
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==Interpretation==
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Blood parameters in reptiles are influenced by a wide array of variables that include species, age, sex, nutritional status, physiological status, season, environment, blood sampling technique, sample handling, use of anticoagulants and methods of staining. It is also not uncommon for blood samples to be contaminated with lymph. Therefore it is preferable to obtain a set of normal reference values for each individual reptile during times of health under known environmental and nutritional conditions.  The morphology of cells may provide more information than the cell counts.
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==Staining==
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Romanowsky stains, although time consuming, give the best results. DiffQuik may give adequate results. Reticulocytes are detected with new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue and other supravital stains. Cell-specific stains are available.
 
[[Category:Lizard_Diagnostics|H]]
 
[[Category:Lizard_Diagnostics|H]]
[[Category:Snake_Diagnostics|D]]
 

Revision as of 17:24, 20 March 2010



Thrombocytes (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Monocyte (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Heterophil (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Eosinophil (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Basophil (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Lymphocytes (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)
Azurophil (Copyright © RVC. All rights reserved)

Blood (plasma and cells) is approximately 6% of the body weight of snakes and the normal PCV of a snake is about 0.20 to 0.30 l/l (20-30%). Blood cells form in the bone marrow and spleen, and early in life, the liver.

Identification

Identification of blood cells can be a problem due to lack of comprehensive reference material for reptile haematology, lack of standardised nomenclature for leucocytes, species variation, inappropriate anticoagulants, improper sampling technique and lymph dilution. Automated counting techniques may not be suitable for reptile blood samples because of the nucleated red blood cells. Reptile leucocytes are fragile and the proper technique in preparation of blood smears is important to obtain valid differentials.

Blood cells include erythrocytes which are nucleated, leucocytes (heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and azurophils) and thrombocytes:

Thrombocytes

Thrombocytes are ellipsoidal to fusiform shaped with an elliptical, centrally positioned nucleus. They behave similarly to mammalian platelets and are involved in thrombus formation, blood clotting and wound healing.

Monocytes

Monocytes are generally the largest leucocyte and have a nucleus that is ovoid and indented (often bean shaped). The cytoplasm usually stain blue-gray and often is vacuolated. The monocytes range is generally between 0 and 10% of the differential and may increase in chronic infections.

Heterophils

Heterophils are large cells with a round to lobed nucleus and fusiform acidophilic cytoplasmic granules. The size varies between species and often varies in individual blood smears. The primary function of heterophils may be phagocytosis. In some species heterophils are the most common leucocyte.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils are large granulocytes with spherical, acidophilic, cytoplasmic granules that stain blue with Romanowsky's stains in iguanas. The number of eosinophils in the leucocyte differential is variable.

Basophils

Basophils are small spherical granulocytes with deep-staining basophilic granules. The nonlobed nucleus is slightly eccentric. The number of basophils in a differential leucocyte count is variable and species dependent.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are mononuclear cells with scant pale blue cytoplasm. In some species lymphocytes are the most common leucocyte and may represent over 80% of the differential in some reptiles. In reptiles there may be more diversity than just T and B cells.

Azurophil

Azurophils are leucocytes with an azurophilic appearance. There is debate over their nature. They increase in numbers following antigenic challenge and with infectious diseases.

Interpretation

Blood parameters in reptiles are influenced by a wide array of variables that include species, age, sex, nutritional status, physiological status, season, environment, blood sampling technique, sample handling, use of anticoagulants and methods of staining. It is also not uncommon for blood samples to be contaminated with lymph. Therefore it is preferable to obtain a set of normal reference values for each individual reptile during times of health under known environmental and nutritional conditions. The morphology of cells may provide more information than the cell counts.

Staining

Romanowsky stains, although time consuming, give the best results. DiffQuik may give adequate results. Reticulocytes are detected with new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue and other supravital stains. Cell-specific stains are available.