Difference between revisions of "Culicidae"

Revision as of 12:18, 12 April 2010

Introduction

Also known as:	Mosquitoes
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH	Culicoides midges

Aeges aegypti - Wikimedia Commons

Found worldwide

Attack a wide variety of animals including humans

The most important species of veterinary importance are
- Culex
- Aedes
- Anopheles

Recognition

Small flies 2-10mm long

Forward pointing proboscis

Slender body and long legs

Narrow wings

Veins and rear margins of wings fringed with scales

Life cycle

Eggs laid on water
- Either laid singly or in rafts

Larval and pupal stages are aquatic
- Visible hanging from the water surface

Life cycle takes 2 weeks to several months to complete
- Temperature dependent

Pathogenesis

Most active at night

Painful, irritating bites
- Only females suck blood

Transmit human diseases
- Viruses such as dengue fever, encephalitis and yellow fever
- Parasites such as malaria caused by Plasmodium and filarial nematodes which cause elephantosis (Wuchereria and Brugia)

Transmit animal diseases
- Viruses such as arbovirus which causes equine encephalitis and rabbit myxomatosis
- Parasites such as the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis and avian malaria caused by Plasmodium

Control

Destroy breeding sites by drainage and removal of objects which collect water

Repeat applications of insecticides
- Synthetic pyrethroids sprayed from helicopters
- Mineral oils applied to breeding sites

Education

Future control methods being developed, such as genetic engineering and biological control methods

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
+==Introduction==
-{{Taxobox
+{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
-|name               =Culicidae
+| Also known as:
-|kingdom            =Animalia
+| '''Mosquitoes
-|sub-kingdom        =
+|-
-|phylum             =[[:Category:Arthropods|Arthropoda]]
+|DO NOT CONFUSE WITH
-|super-class        =
+|[[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides midges'']]
-|class              =[[:Category:Insecta|Insecta]]
+|-
-|sub-class          =
+|}
-|super-order        =
+[[Image:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Aeges aegypti'' - Wikimedia Commons]]
-|order              =Diptera
-|sub-order          =Nematocera
+*Found worldwide
-|super-family       =Culicomorpha
-|family             =Culichidae
+*Attack a wide variety of animals including humans
-|sub-family         =
-|genus              =
+*The most important species of veterinary importance are
-|species            =
+**''Culex''
-}}
+**''Aedes''
-Also known as: '''''Mosquitoes
+**''Anopheles''
+'''Recognition'''
+*Small flies 2-10mm long
+*Forward pointing proboscis
-DO NOT CONFUSE WITH: [[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides midges'']]
+*Slender body and long legs
-[[Image:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Aeges aegypti'' - Wikimedia Commons]]
+*Narrow wings
-Members of the Culicidae family are found across the globe and a attack a wide variety of different species. They are holometabola and have four stages to their life cycle (see below); egg, larva, pupa and adult. The flies are most active at night and largely feed on necatar, only the females take a blood meal in order to produce eggs. The bites from the female blood feed are painful to the host and can occasionally cause allergic hypersensitivity response. Aside from the pain of the bites Culicidae flies are carriers of a number of other pathogens. Viruses such as arbovirus which causes [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|equine encephalitis]] and [[Myxomatosis|rabbit myxomatosis]] as well as some parasites such as the canine heartworm, ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' and avian malaria caused by ''[[Plasmodium]]''. This transmission of pathogens is the primary health concern attached with Culicidae species and the reason for the requirement to control their levels.
+*Veins and rear margins of wings fringed with scales
+'''Life cycle'''
+*Eggs laid on water
+**Either laid singly or in rafts
+*Larval and pupal stages are aquatic
+**Visible hanging from the water surface
+*Life cycle takes '''2 weeks to several months''' to complete
+**Temperature dependent
+'''Pathogenesis'''
+*Most active at night
-The genus' of greatest veterinary importance are;
+*Painful, irritating bites
-*''Culex''
+**Only females suck blood
-*''Aedes''
-*''Anopheles''
-===Identification===
+*Transmit human diseases
-Culicidae flies like all insects have 3 pairs of legs and like all Diptera order flies have only a single set of wings and vestigal set of 'halters'. They are small flies, between 2 and 10mm long with a slender body and legs. They consist of a head, thorax and abdomen and have a forward facing proboscis used for feeding that protrudes from the head. The proboscis of the female is considerably longer than in the male as it is required to take a blood meal. The wings of Culicidae flies are narrow with prominent veins and fringed with scales at the rear margins.
+**Viruses such as dengue fever, encephalitis and yellow fever
+**Parasites such as malaria caused by ''Plasmodium'' and filarial nematodes which cause elephantosis (''Wuchereria and Brugia'')
-===Life Cycle===
+*Transmit animal diseases
-The life cycle of Culicidae flies is [[Insect Life Cycles|holometabolous]] meaning that they have a number of distinct morphological states. The initial stages require areas of standing water in which to develop. The life cycle of these flies my take anywhere from two weeks to several months dependent on environmental conditions, principally the temperature.<br/>
+**Viruses such as arbovirus which causes [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|equine encephalitis]] and [[Myxomatosis|rabbit myxomatosis]]
-'''Eggs'''<br/>
+**Parasites such as the [[Dirofilaria immitis|canine heartworm]], ''Dirofilaria immitis'' and avian malaria caused by ''Plasmodium''
-The eggs of Culicidae flies must be laid on areas of standing water such as buckets or ponds. They are laid either singularly or in rafts. Some species of the genera ''Aedes'' will lay their eggs on a moist substrate where they mature and await a suitable water level to stimulate hatching. <br/>
-'''Larva'''<br/>
-The larval stages are aquatic free living stages living close to the surface of standing water and feeding off the algae in the surface layer of the water. They can be seen hanging from the surface but may move deeper into the water if it is disturbed. The larval stage goes through several moults before it pupates.<br/>
-'''Pupa'''<br/>
-The pupal stage of Culicidae flies is also aquatic and hangs from the surface of standing water. No feeding occurs at this stage which can last from 1 to 7 days. <br/>
-'''Adult'''<br/>
-The adult fly emerges from the pupa after a number of days and is the only non aquatic stage of the life cycle. Both the male and female are nectar feeders, however in order to provide the nutrients for producing eggs the female must take a blood meal. The initial blood meal matures the females ovaries to begin egg maturation, a further blood meal must be taken for each subsequent clutch of eggs to be matured.
-===Control===
-The most effective method of control of these species is to remove suitable locations for eggs to be laid. This is achieved by removing objects that collect water and areas of standing water. Alongside this the use of [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] is possible but requires several repeat applications. In the future it may be possible to use biological and genetic control methods which are currently under development.
-{{Learning
+'''Control'''
-|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28%28%28%28%28title%3A%28control%29%29%29+AND+%28%28title%3A%28mosquitoes%29%29%29%29%29+OR+%28%28title%3A%28Culicidae%29+AND+title%3A%28control+%29%29%29%29+%29+&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22 Culicidae/mosquito control publications]
+*Destroy breeding sites by drainage and removal of objects which collect water
-}}
+*Repeat applications of [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]]
+**Synthetic pyrethroids sprayed from helicopters
+**Mineral oils applied to breeding sites
-{{review}}
+*Education
-{{OpenPages}}
+*Future control methods being developed, such as genetic engineering and biological control methods
 [[Category:Biting_Flies]]
-[[Category:Expert_Review]]

Difference between revisions of "Culicidae"

Revision as of 12:18, 12 April 2010

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