Difference between revisions of "Trichuris"

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{{Taxobox
 
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|name =''Trichuris spp.''
 
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|kingdom =Animalia
 
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|sub-kingdom =
 
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|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
 
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|super-class =
 
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|class =Enopla
 
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|sub-class =Dorylaimia
 
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|super-order =
 
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|order =Trichocephalida
 
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|sub-order =
 
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|super-family =[[:Category:Trichinelloidea|Trichinelloidea]]
 
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|family =Trichuridae
 
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|sub-family =
 
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|genus = Trichuris
 
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|species =''T. vulpis'', ''T. suis'', ''T. campanula''
 
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}}
 
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Also known as: '''''Whipworm
 
  
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[[Image:Trichuris ovis sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' from sheep faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
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* Also known as the  "'''whipworm'''"
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[[Image:Trichuris ovis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' in caecum - Supplied by Biomed Image Archive]]
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** Derives its name from its characteristic whiplike shape
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[[Image:Trichuris vulpis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris vulpis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
 
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==Overview ==
 
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The ''Trichuris'' worms, part of the [[:Category:Trichinelloidea|Trichinelloidea]] superfamily, are so called due to their characteristic whip like structure. They have a broad posterior end tapering to a long and narrow neck which is inserted into the caecal mucosa. They have a direct life cycle, moving directly into the definitive host from the infective L1 egg stage. Once ingested the larva is freed from the egg casing due to digestion of the plugs at either end of the egg. The larvae then form mucosal nodules in which to develop before emerging into the lumen of the large intestine and caecum of the host.
 
  
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==Characteristics==
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== ''Trichuris'' Species ==
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'''Eggs'''<br/>
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*The whipworms have a stout posterior end and a long narrow neck, which is superficially inserted into the caecal mucosa
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The eggs of '' Trichuris'' species are yellow/brown in colour and are bioperculated (have a plug in each end). They are hardy eggs and in the correct conditions can survive on pasture for up to 12 years. The ''Trichuris'' embryo develops inside the egg and is infective as the 1st larval stage living within the egg.<br/>
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*Eggs are brown, barrel-shaped, with a plug at either end, and can survive for up to 12 years  
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'''Larvae'''<br/>
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*The infective stage is the embryonated egg.
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Hatch from the egg into the small intestine and there grow and moult until the reach adulthood.<br/>
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*The life-cycle is direct
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'''Adult''' <br/>
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*After the egg is swallowed, the larva initially forms a mucosal nodule before emerging into the lumen
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Attach to the mucosa of the large intestine.<br/>
 
  
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==Life Cycle==
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==Species==
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The life cycle is not a standard nematode life cycle as these species are infective within the egg at a very early stage of embryo development. This means infective eggs can be present on pasture within 10 - 14 days of adult patency. Eggs are transferred to pasture in the feaces of the host animal and then ingested by animals grazing on the pasture; feaco-oral spread. ''Thrichuris spp.'' have no tissue migratory period, living their entire lives in the small and large intestine of the host.
 
  
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==Important Species==
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* '''''Trichuris vulpis''''' - dog whipworm
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There are several species of veterinary importance, each typically infecting a different host species;
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* '''''Trichuris campanula''''' (Europe) and ''Trichuris serrata'' (North America) - cat whipworms.
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* '''''[[Trichuris vulpis]]'''''; the dog whipworm
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** Are quite rare.
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* '''''Trichuris campanula''''' (Europe) and ''Trichuris serrata'' (North America); cat whipworms, though these are only seen rarely.
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* '''''Trichuris suis''''' - pig whipworm
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* '''''[[Trichuris suis]]'''''; the pig whipworm
 
  
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==Pathogenesis==
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==Life Cycle==
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Adult worms bury the thin anterior into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions from the damaged cells rather than blood. The invasion of the worm causes [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilia]] in the host animal as it mounts an immune response against the worm. The most common clinical signs are:
 
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* [[Diarrhoea]]
 
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* [[:Category:Enteritis, Catarrhal|Catarrhal enteritis]]
 
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* [[:Category:Anaemia|Anaemia]]
 
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* Dehydration
 
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{{Learning
 
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Trichuris&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=45&y=2 Trichuris publications since 2000]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
 
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}}
 
  
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* Faeco-oral spread
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* Eggs become infective after 10-14 days in soil.
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* Larvae hatch in small intestine.
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** Grow and moult.
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* Finally take up resisidence in large intestine.
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** I.e. NO tissue migratory phase.
  
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{{review}}
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==Clinical==
  
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{{OpenPages}}
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* Adult buries its thin anterior half into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions (not blood).
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** The caecum and colon are the most commonly infected sites.
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** Causes eosinophilia.
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*Signs may include:
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** Diarrhoea
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*** [[Intestines Catarrhal Enteritis - Pathology#Parasites|Catarrhal enteritis]]
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** Anemia
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** Dehydration
  
 
[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]
 
[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]
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[[Category:Cat Nematodes]]
 
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[[Category:Expert_Review - Parasites]]
 
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[[Category:Cattle Nematodes]]
 
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[[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
 

Revision as of 11:09, 26 April 2010


 This article is still under construction.


  • Also known as the "whipworm"
    • Derives its name from its characteristic whiplike shape

Trichuris Species

  • The whipworms have a stout posterior end and a long narrow neck, which is superficially inserted into the caecal mucosa
  • Eggs are brown, barrel-shaped, with a plug at either end, and can survive for up to 12 years
  • The infective stage is the embryonated egg.
  • The life-cycle is direct
  • After the egg is swallowed, the larva initially forms a mucosal nodule before emerging into the lumen

Species

  • Trichuris vulpis - dog whipworm
  • Trichuris campanula (Europe) and Trichuris serrata (North America) - cat whipworms.
    • Are quite rare.
  • Trichuris suis - pig whipworm

Life Cycle

  • Faeco-oral spread
  • Eggs become infective after 10-14 days in soil.
  • Larvae hatch in small intestine.
    • Grow and moult.
  • Finally take up resisidence in large intestine.
    • I.e. NO tissue migratory phase.

Clinical

  • Adult buries its thin anterior half into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions (not blood).
    • The caecum and colon are the most commonly infected sites.
    • Causes eosinophilia.
  • Signs may include:
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