7,442 bytes removed ,  13:47, 29 April 2010
Redirected page to Category:Systemic Mycoses
Line 1: Line 1: −
{{unfinished}}
+
#REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]]
 
  −
{{toplink
  −
|backcolour =
  −
|linkpage =Fungi
  −
|linktext =FUNGI
  −
|pagetype=Bugs
  −
}}
  −
<br>
  −
 
  −
==Adiaspiromycosis==
  −
 
  −
*Haplomycosis
  −
 
  −
*''Emmonsia crescens''
  −
**Does not proliferate within the animal body
  −
**Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''
  −
 
  −
*''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''
  −
 
  −
*Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis
  −
 
  −
*Worldwide
  −
 
  −
*Found in soil
  −
 
  −
*Affects burrowing rodents and small animals
  −
 
  −
*Respiratory infection
  −
 
  −
*Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen
  −
 
  −
*Dimorphic
  −
 
  −
*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
  −
==Aspergillosis==
  −
 
  −
*''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]], also [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]], [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch mycosis]]
  −
*Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
  −
 
  −
*May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
  −
 
  −
==Blastomycosis==
  −
 
  −
*North America
  −
 
  −
==Coccidioidomycosis==
  −
 
  −
*''Coccidioides immitis''
  −
 
  −
*Ocurs in the soil
  −
**Respiratory infections
  −
**Most commonly seen following dust storms
  −
 
  −
*Occurs in arid regions
  −
**E.g. South West USA and Mexico
  −
 
  −
*Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
  −
 
  −
*Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans
  −
 
  −
*Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
  −
**Dissemination can occur to other organs
  −
 
  −
*Causes nodule or granuloma formation
  −
**Localised
  −
**Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
  −
**Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]]
  −
 
  −
*Thick-walled spherules in tissue
  −
**Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules
  −
 
  −
*Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells
  −
**Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue
  −
 
  −
*Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
  −
**Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour
  −
 
  −
*Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used
  −
**A positive skin test indicates exposure
  −
 
  −
==Entomophthoromycisus==
  −
 
  −
*Basidiobolmycosis
  −
 
  −
*Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi
  −
 
  −
*Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue
  −
 
  −
*Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes
  −
 
  −
*''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest
  −
**Fistulous tracts
  −
**Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
  −
 
  −
*Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time
  −
 
  −
*Microscopically:
  −
**Septate hyphae
  −
 
  −
*Treatment:
  −
**Surgical excision
  −
**[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]
  −
 
  −
==Histoplasmosis==
  −
 
  −
*''Histoplasma capsulatum''
  −
 
  −
*Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
  −
 
  −
*Commonly pulmonary infections occur
  −
**Other organs can be involved
  −
**Involves the reticuloendothelial system
  −
**Intestinal form can also occur
  −
 
  −
*Acute and chronic disease can occur
  −
 
  −
*Endemic to the USA
  −
**Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
  −
 
  −
*Respiratory infection
  −
**Infection via ingestion can also occur
  −
 
  −
*Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
  −
 
  −
*Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
  −
 
  −
*Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
  −
 
  −
*Dimorphic fungi
  −
 
  −
*Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
  −
**Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
  −
 
  −
*Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
  −
**Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
  −
 
  −
*Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
  −
**Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
  −
 
  −
*Also grows on Blood agar
  −
**Small, white yeast-like colonies
  −
 
  −
*Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
  −
**Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
  −
 
  −
*Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
  −
**If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
  −
 
  −
*The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
  −
 
  −
==Zygomycosis==
  −
 
  −
*Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
  −
 
  −
*Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
  −
**''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
  −
**''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
  −
**''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
  −
**''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
  −
 
  −
*Occurs widely in nature
  −
 
  −
*Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
  −
 
  −
*Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
  −
**[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
  −
**Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
  −
 
  −
*Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
  −
 
  −
*Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
  −
 
  −
*Pigs
  −
**Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
  −
**Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
  −
**Can also be present in gastric ulcers
  −
 
  −
*Cattle
  −
**Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
  −
**Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
  −
**Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
  −
 
  −
*Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
  −
 
  −
*Microscopically:
  −
**Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
  −
**''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
  −
**''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
  −
**''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
  −
**''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
  −
 
  −
*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
  −
**Common contaminants
  −
 
  −
*Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
  −
**Surgery is also an option in treatment
  −
 
  −
==Further Links==
  −
 
  −
*[[Antifungal Drugs]]
 
Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
53,803

edits