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| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour =
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| − | |linkpage =Fungi
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| − | |linktext =FUNGI
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| − | |pagetype=Bugs
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Adiaspiromycosis==
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| − | | |
| − | *Haplomycosis
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| − | | |
| − | *''Emmonsia crescens''
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| − | **Does not proliferate within the animal body
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| − | **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''
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| − | | |
| − | *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''
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| − | | |
| − | *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis
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| − | *Worldwide
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| − | | |
| − | *Found in soil
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| − | | |
| − | *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals
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| − | *Respiratory infection
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| − | *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen
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| − | *Dimorphic
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| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
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| − | ==Aspergillosis==
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| − | *Worldwide
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| − | | |
| − | *Common laboratory contaminants
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Widely found in nature
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| − | **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions
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| − | **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage
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| − | | |
| − | *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''
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| − | | |
| − | *May cause primary or secondary disease
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| − | **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign
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| − | *Avians:
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| − | **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
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| − | **Diffuse pneumonic form
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| − | **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]
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| − | **Spores are inhaled
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| − | **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
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| − | **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
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| − | ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
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| − | ***Sometimes convulsions may occur
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| − | ***Resembles Pullorum disease
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| − | **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Cattle:
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| − | **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
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| − | **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy & Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin
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| − | **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
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| − | ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions
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| − | ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
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| − | | |
| − | *Horses:
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| − | **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common
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| − | **Infection can cause abortion
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| − | **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Dogs, cats and sheep:
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| − | **Infections occur, but infrequently
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| − | **[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected
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| − | **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
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| − | **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Humans:
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| − | **Primary and secondary infections
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| − | **[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected
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| − | **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients
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| − | | |
| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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| − | **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
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| − | **Colony colour varies with species
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| − | | |
| − | *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
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| − | | |
| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
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| − | ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
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| − | **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
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| − | | |
| − | *Serology:
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| − | **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper
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| − | | |
| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Surgery
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| − | **Antifungal drugs
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| − | ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Pathology:
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| − | **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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| − | **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
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| − | | |
| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | ==Blastomycosis==
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| − | *North America
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| − | **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states
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| − | *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''
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| − | *Widespread in soil
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| − | *Respiratory infection
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| − | *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | **Haematogenous dissemination
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| − | **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia
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| − | **Fatal if not treated
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| − | *Lesions are also found on the skin
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| − | *These may ulcerate
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| − | *Granulomatous nodules
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| − | *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)
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| − | **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells
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| − | **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base
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| − | **Double contoured effect of cells
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| − | | |
| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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| − | **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black
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| − | ***Septate hyphae
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| − | ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia
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| − | ***Older cultures have thickened walls
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| − | **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled
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| − | ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Complement fixation test
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| − | **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis
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| − | **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used
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| − | | |
| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]
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| − | | |
| − | ==Coccidioidomycosis==
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| − | [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
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| − | *''Coccidioides immitis''
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| − | *Ocurs in the soil
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| − | **Respiratory infections
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| − | **Most commonly seen following dust storms
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| − | | |
| − | *Occurs in arid regions
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| − | **E.g. South West USA and Mexico
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| − | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
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| − | *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans
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| − | *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | **Dissemination can occur to other organs
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| − | | |
| − | *Causes nodule or granuloma formation
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| − | **Localised
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| − | **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Thick-walled spherules in tissue
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| − | **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules
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| − | *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells
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| − | **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue
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| − | | |
| − | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
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| − | **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour
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| − | *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used
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| − | **A positive skin test indicates exposure
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| − | ==Entomophthoromycisus==
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| − | *Basidiobolmycosis
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| − | *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi
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| − | | |
| − | *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue
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| − | | |
| − | *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes
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| − | | |
| − | *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest
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| − | **Fistulous tracts
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| − | **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time
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| − | | |
| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Septate hyphae
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| − | | |
| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Surgical excision
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| − | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]
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| − | | |
| − | ==Histoplasmosis==
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | *''Histoplasma capsulatum''
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| − | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
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| − | | |
| − | *Commonly pulmonary infections occur
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| − | **Other organs can be involved
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| − | **Involves the reticuloendothelial system
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| − | **Intestinal form can also occur
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| − | *Acute and chronic disease can occur
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| − | *Endemic to the USA
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| − | **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
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| − | *Respiratory infection
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| − | **Infection via ingestion can also occur
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| − | *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
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| − | *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
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| − | | |
| − | *Dimorphic fungi
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| − | | |
| − | *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
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| − | **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
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| − | | |
| − | *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
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| − | **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
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| − | | |
| − | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
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| − | | |
| − | *Also grows on Blood agar
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| − | **Small, white yeast-like colonies
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| − | | |
| − | *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
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| − | **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
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| − | | |
| − | *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
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| − | | |
| − | *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| align="center"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | ==Zygomycosis==
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Mucor liver.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor liver'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
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| − | **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
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| − | **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
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| − | **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
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| − | **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
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| − | | |
| − | *Occurs widely in nature
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| − | | |
| − | *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
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| − | | |
| − | *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
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| − | **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
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| − | **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup?</center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
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| − | *Pigs
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| − | **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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| − | **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | **Can also be present in gastric ulcers
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| − | | |
| − | *Cattle
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| − | **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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| − | **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
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| − | **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
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| − | | |
| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
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| − | **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
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| − | **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
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| − | **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
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| − | **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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| − | | |
| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Common contaminants
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| − | | |
| − | *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **Surgery is also an option in treatment
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| − | {| align="center"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia salmon'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Sporangiospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | ==Further Links==
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Antifungal Drugs]]
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