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| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]] |
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| − | |linkpage =Fungi
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| − | <br>
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| − | [[Adiaspiromycosis]]
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| − | [[Aspergillosis]]
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| − | [[Blastomycosis]]
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| − | [[Coccidioidomycosis]]
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| − | [[Entomophthoromycisus]]
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| − | ==Histoplasmosis==
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | *''Histoplasma capsulatum''
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| − | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
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| − | *Commonly pulmonary infections occur
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| − | **Other organs can be involved
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| − | **Involves the reticuloendothelial system
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| − | **Intestinal form can also occur
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| − | *Acute and chronic disease can occur
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| − | *Endemic to the USA
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| − | **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
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| − | *Respiratory infection
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| − | **Infection via ingestion can also occur
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| − | *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
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| − | *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
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| − | *Dimorphic fungi
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| − | *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
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| − | **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
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| − | *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
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| − | **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
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| − | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
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| − | *Also grows on Blood agar
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| − | **Small, white yeast-like colonies
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| − | *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
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| − | **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
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| − | *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
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| − | *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
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| − | {| align="center"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | ==Zygomycosis==
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Mucor liver.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor liver'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
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| − | *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
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| − | **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
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| − | **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
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| − | **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
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| − | **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
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| − | *Occurs widely in nature
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| − | *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
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| − | *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
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| − | **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
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| − | **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
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| − | *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup?</center></gallery>
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| − | *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
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| − | *Pigs
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| − | **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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| − | **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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| − | **Can also be present in gastric ulcers
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| − | *Cattle
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| − | **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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| − | **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
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| − | **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
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| − | *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
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| − | **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
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| − | **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
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| − | **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
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| − | **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
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| − | **Common contaminants
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| − | *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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| − | **Surgery is also an option in treatment
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| − | {| align="center"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia salmon'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Sporangiospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | ==Further Links==
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| − | *[[Antifungal Drugs]]
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