Difference between revisions of "Systemic Mycoses"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]]
 
 
{{toplink
 
|backcolour =
 
|linkpage =Fungi
 
|linktext =FUNGI
 
|pagetype=Bugs
 
}}
 
<br>
 
 
 
[[Adiaspiromycosis]]
 
 
 
 
 
[[Aspergillosis]]
 
 
 
 
 
[[Blastomycosis]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
 
 
 
[[Entomophthoromycisus]]
 
 
 
 
 
==Histoplasmosis==
 
{| align="right"
 
|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
|}
 
 
 
*''Histoplasma capsulatum''
 
 
 
*Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
 
 
 
*Commonly pulmonary infections occur
 
**Other organs can be involved
 
**Involves the reticuloendothelial system
 
**Intestinal form can also occur
 
 
 
*Acute and chronic disease can occur
 
 
 
*Endemic to the USA
 
**Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
 
 
 
*Respiratory infection
 
**Infection via ingestion can also occur
 
 
 
*Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
 
 
 
*Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
 
{| align="right"
 
|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
|}
 
*Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
 
 
 
*Dimorphic fungi
 
 
 
*Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
 
**Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
 
 
 
*Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
 
**Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
 
 
 
*Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
 
**Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
 
 
 
*Also grows on Blood agar
 
**Small, white yeast-like colonies
 
 
 
*Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
 
**Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
 
 
 
*Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
 
**If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
 
 
 
*The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
 
 
 
 
 
{| align="center"
 
|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
 
Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
 
Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
|}
 
 
 
==Zygomycosis==
 
{| align="right"
 
|<gallery>Image:Mucor liver.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor liver'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
|}
 
 
 
*Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
 
 
 
*Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
 
**''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
 
**''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
 
**''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
 
**''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
 
 
 
*Occurs widely in nature
 
 
 
*Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
 
 
 
*Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
 
**[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
 
**Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
 
 
 
 
 
*Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
 
{| align="right"
 
|<gallery>Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup?</center></gallery>
 
|}
 
*Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
 
*Pigs
 
**Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
 
**Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
 
**Can also be present in gastric ulcers
 
 
 
*Cattle
 
**Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
 
**Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
 
**Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
 
 
 
*Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
 
 
 
*Microscopically:
 
**Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
 
**''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
 
**''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
 
**''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
 
**''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
 
 
 
*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
 
**Common contaminants
 
 
 
*Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
 
**Surgery is also an option in treatment
 
{| align="center"
 
|<gallery>Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia salmon'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
 
Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
 
Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Sporangiospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
|}
 
 
 
==Further Links==
 
 
 
*[[Antifungal Drugs]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:47, 29 April 2010