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| | ===''[[Clostridium tetani]]''=== | | ===''[[Clostridium tetani]]''=== |
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| − | ===''Clostridium botulinum''=== | + | ===''[[Clostridium botulinum]]''=== |
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| − | *Ubiquitous organism
| + | [[Category:Clostridium species]] |
| − | *Oval, subterminal endospores; spores survive boiling for hours
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| − | *Causes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication
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| − | *Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation
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| − | *Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed
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| − | *Pathogenesis:
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| − | **Intoxication on ingestion and absorbtion of toxin from GIT into the blood
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| − | **Occasionally germination of spores in wounds or GIT
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| − | **Neurotoxin carried to peripheral nervous system
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| − | **Toxin binds gangliosides irreversibly at the neuromuscular junction
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| − | **Blocks release of acetylcholine
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| − | *Clinical signs:
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| − | **Dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation, tongue flacidity, dysphagia in farm animals
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| − | **Incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency
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| − | **Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death
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| − | **Flacid paralysis of legs and wings in birds
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Mouse inoculation with infected serum
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| − | **Toxin detection by PCR, ELISA
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| − | **Toxin neutralisation tests in mice
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| − | *Treatment: polyvalent antiserum neutralises unbound toxin
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| − | *Toxoid vaccine used in endemic regions
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| − | *Implicated in [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]][[Category:Clostridium species]]
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