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Created page with '{{review}} ===Overview=== *Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract *Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released…'
{{review}}
===Overview===
*Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract
*Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages
*Serofibrinous to fibrinopurative infections of lungs, body cavities and joints
*Colonisation of meningeal vessels causes a thrombotic vasculitis leading to encephalitis and meningitis
===''Haemophilus'' characteristics===
*Morphologically variable Gram-negative bacilli, ranging from short rods to long filaments
*Facultative anaerobes
*Typically oxidase positive
*Depend on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (V factor) and/or Haemin (X fector) for growth
*Heated blood agar (Chocolate Agar) required for growth of NAD-dependent strains
*Haemin-dependent strains grow on Blood Agar
*Do not grow on MacConkey agar
===''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''===
===''Haemophilus somnus''===
*Cattle
**''Haemophilus sommus'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
**Septicaemia
**Causes infectious thromboencephalitis, bronchopneumonia and sporadic reproductive tract infections in cattle 1-3 years old
**Found in the USA and Europe, including UK
**Causes a meningoencephalitis with fibrinous arterial thrombosis and necrosis
**Causes fever, staggering and dyspnoea, progressing to somnolence, paralysis and death
**Mortality can be high
*Sheep
**Epididymitis in young rams
**Vulvitis, mastitis and reduced reproductive performance in ewes
**Septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis and pneumonia in lambs
===''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia''===
*''H. pleuropneumonia'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
===''Haemophilus paragalinarum''===
*Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection
*Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis
*Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
===''Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus''===
*Commensal of canine lower genital tract
*Causes cystitis and neonatal infections
===''Haemophilus felis''===
*Associated with feline conjunctivitis
===''Haemophilus influenzae''===
*Human meningitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and otitis
[[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]]
===Overview===
*Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract
*Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages
*Serofibrinous to fibrinopurative infections of lungs, body cavities and joints
*Colonisation of meningeal vessels causes a thrombotic vasculitis leading to encephalitis and meningitis
===''Haemophilus'' characteristics===
*Morphologically variable Gram-negative bacilli, ranging from short rods to long filaments
*Facultative anaerobes
*Typically oxidase positive
*Depend on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (V factor) and/or Haemin (X fector) for growth
*Heated blood agar (Chocolate Agar) required for growth of NAD-dependent strains
*Haemin-dependent strains grow on Blood Agar
*Do not grow on MacConkey agar
===''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''===
===''Haemophilus somnus''===
*Cattle
**''Haemophilus sommus'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
**Septicaemia
**Causes infectious thromboencephalitis, bronchopneumonia and sporadic reproductive tract infections in cattle 1-3 years old
**Found in the USA and Europe, including UK
**Causes a meningoencephalitis with fibrinous arterial thrombosis and necrosis
**Causes fever, staggering and dyspnoea, progressing to somnolence, paralysis and death
**Mortality can be high
*Sheep
**Epididymitis in young rams
**Vulvitis, mastitis and reduced reproductive performance in ewes
**Septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis and pneumonia in lambs
===''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia''===
*''H. pleuropneumonia'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
===''Haemophilus paragalinarum''===
*Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection
*Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis
*Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
===''Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus''===
*Commensal of canine lower genital tract
*Causes cystitis and neonatal infections
===''Haemophilus felis''===
*Associated with feline conjunctivitis
===''Haemophilus influenzae''===
*Human meningitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and otitis
[[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]]