Difference between revisions of "Staphylococcus hyicus"

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===Exudative epidermitis ([[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Greasy pig disease|Greasy pig disease]])===
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Also known as: '''''Exudative Epidermitis — Greasy pig disease'''''
 
  
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== Introduction  ==
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*Worldwide disease of pigs under 3 months of age caused by ''S. hyicus''
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*Highly contagious and persists in the environment for long periods
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*''S. hyicus'' produces exfoliative toxin that causes separation of cells in stratum spinosum resulting in rapid intraepidermal spread of organisms
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*Similar to “scalded skin syndrome” in human neonates, due to skin infection by exfoliative toxin-producing ''Staphylococcus aureus''
 +
*Excessive sebacious secretion and exudation on surface of skin
 +
*Pigs are anorexic, febrile, depressed and have a greasy, non-pruritic dermatitis
 +
*SKin thickened, wrinkled and scaley
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*Acute death in piglets under 3 weeks due to dehydration and septicaemia
 +
*20-100% morbidity; up to 90% mortality
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*Organism enters skin via abrasions e.g. bite wounds
 +
*Carried in vaginal mucosa and skin of sows
 +
*Predisposed by lack of milk, weaning and other infections
 +
*Piglets from non-immune sows are predisposed
 +
*Passive transfer of antibodies from immune sows and development of immunity with age protect against disease
 +
*Isolation from skin lesions
 +
*Early systemic antibiotics amd topical antiseptics/antibiotics useful
 +
*Disinfection after outbreak
 +
*Wash sows before farrowing
 +
*Differential diagnosis:
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**Mange (''Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis'')
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**Swine parakeratosis (zinc and essential fatty acid deficiency)
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**Porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis (collarettes or rings typically on the ventrum of young pigs)
 +
**Dermatosis vegetans (associated with a giant cell pneumonia)
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**Dermatophytosis (most commonly ''Microsporum nanum'')
  
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Exudative epidermitis is a worldwide disease of pigs under 3 months of age caused by ''Staphylococcus hyicus''. Infections are generally sporadic and can cause noticeable losses in non-immune herds.
 
  
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''Staphylococcus hyicus'' is highly contagious and persists in the environment for long periods of time, making control and prevention difficult. ''S.hyicus'' works by producing an exfoliative toxin that causes separation of cells in stratum spinosum resulting in rapid intraepidermal spread of organisms. In piglets, morbidity can range from 20 - 100% and mortality can reach 90%. Older pigs can also be infected but only mild clinical signs will occur.
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* = '''Exudative epidermitis of pigs'''
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*Caused by [[Staphylococcus spp.#Staphylococcus hyicus|''Staphylococcus hyicus'']]
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*Affects neonatal piglets - often fatal, older piglets - milder disease
 +
*Focal erosion of stratum corneum
 +
*Brown exudate
 +
*Dermatitis around eyes, ears, snout, chin and medial legs, may spread to ventral abdomen and thorax
 +
*Rapidly becomes generalised -> greasy exudate over red skin -> hardened, cracked exudate
 +
*In older piglets, milder localised disease develops around eyes, ears and face
 +
*Grossly:
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**Thickened epidermis, scaling
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*Microscopically:
 +
**Early - subcorneal pustular dermatitis extending to hair follicles -> superficial suppurative folliculitis
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**Late - hyperplastic epidermis, thick keratin crusts with cocci, microabscesses
  
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The disease is usually brought into the herd and then passed on to non-immune sows, whose litters will then develop the disease. ''S.hyicus'' is found on the nasal and vaginal mucosa and from the skin of the ears and snout in healthy animals. It is spread by transmission into skin abrasions, such as that caused by mites, rough bedding or bite wounds and is predisposed to if the piglet is weak or has had a [[Failure of Passive Transfer|failure of passive transfer]].
 
  
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== Clinical Signs  ==
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[[Category:Staphylococcus_species]][[Category:Pig]]
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Its presentation is very similar to “scalded skin syndrome” in human neonates, due to skin infection by exfoliative toxin-producing ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. There are three different syndromes that occur with the exudative epidermitis disease:
 
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'''Peracute''' - greasy, brown exudate on face, esp. behind ears, vesicopustular eruptions esp. coronets; epidermal splitting; becomes generalised over back and abdomen with the exudate causing matting of the hair. There is no pruritus. Systemic signs such as depression, fever, anorexia and possible septicaemia will then ensue and death will usually occur within 3-5 days.
 
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'''Acute''' - signs as for the peracute disease but also skin thickening and crusting; death 4-8 days.
 
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'''Subacute''' - lesions on the head and ears and may also involve the limbs; pigs may recover spontaneously but usually are stunted.
 
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In adult pigs, mild skin lesions can develop, but no severe signs or systemic effects will occur.
 
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== Diagnosis ==
 
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Clinical signs and the age of the pig usually are enough to make a presumptive diagnosis.
 
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Differential diagnoses include [[Sarcoptic Mange|mange]] (''Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis''), swine parakeratosis (zinc and essential fatty acid deficiency), [[Porcine Juvenile Pustular Psoriasiform Dermatitis|porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis]] (collarettes or rings typically on the ventrum of young pigs), dermatosis vegetans (associated with a giant cell pneumonia) and [[Dermatophytosis|dermatophytosis]] (most commonly ''Microsporum nanum'').
 
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Post mortem finding will show a thickened epidermis and scaling and when examined microscopically one will see subcorneal pustular dermatitis extending to hair follicles leading to superficial suppurative folliculitis. Also in later stages of the disease, hyperplastic epidermis, thick keratin crusts with cocci and microabscesses may be observed.
 
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Bacteriological samples can be taken from the skin lesions and sent to a laboratory for isolation of ''S. hyicus'' from these lesions.
 
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== Treatment and Control ==
 
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If caught early, the disease can be treated with antibiotics, such as [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]], ampicillin, amoxycillin, ceftiofur and sulphonamides. Treatment must be carried out for at least 5 days and there is no guarantee that piglets will return to full health, with some remaining stunted for life.
 
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Rehydration solutions and electrolytes are necessary and piglets should be washed in a mild disinfectant solution such as cetrimide. Disinfection of all farrowing crates and pens and other housing should be performed to try to eliminate the risk of further outbreaks.
 
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Prevention measures include clipping of teeth in neonates, providing soft bedding and treatment for mites. Sows should be washed before entering the farrowing crates and all areas should be disinfected thoroughly before sow or litter are placed in there.
 
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== References ==
 
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Cowart, R.P. and Casteel, S.W. (2001) An Outline of Swine diseases: a handbook Wiley-Blackwell <br>Jackson, G.G. and Cockcroft, P.D. (2007) Handbook of Pig Medicine Saunders Elsevier <br>Straw, B.E. and Taylor, D.J. (2006) Disease of Swine Wiley-Blackwell <br>Taylor, D.J. (2006) Pig Diseases (Eighth edition) St Edmunsdbury Press ltd <br>
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Staphylococcus_species]] [[Category:Pig_Bacteria]] [[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Integumentary_System_-_Bacterial_Infections]]
 

Revision as of 23:07, 14 May 2010

Exudative epidermitis (Greasy pig disease)

  • Worldwide disease of pigs under 3 months of age caused by S. hyicus
  • Highly contagious and persists in the environment for long periods
  • S. hyicus produces exfoliative toxin that causes separation of cells in stratum spinosum resulting in rapid intraepidermal spread of organisms
  • Similar to “scalded skin syndrome” in human neonates, due to skin infection by exfoliative toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus
  • Excessive sebacious secretion and exudation on surface of skin
  • Pigs are anorexic, febrile, depressed and have a greasy, non-pruritic dermatitis
  • SKin thickened, wrinkled and scaley
  • Acute death in piglets under 3 weeks due to dehydration and septicaemia
  • 20-100% morbidity; up to 90% mortality
  • Organism enters skin via abrasions e.g. bite wounds
  • Carried in vaginal mucosa and skin of sows
  • Predisposed by lack of milk, weaning and other infections
  • Piglets from non-immune sows are predisposed
  • Passive transfer of antibodies from immune sows and development of immunity with age protect against disease
  • Isolation from skin lesions
  • Early systemic antibiotics amd topical antiseptics/antibiotics useful
  • Disinfection after outbreak
  • Wash sows before farrowing
  • Differential diagnosis:
    • Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis)
    • Swine parakeratosis (zinc and essential fatty acid deficiency)
    • Porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis (collarettes or rings typically on the ventrum of young pigs)
    • Dermatosis vegetans (associated with a giant cell pneumonia)
    • Dermatophytosis (most commonly Microsporum nanum)


  • = Exudative epidermitis of pigs
  • Caused by Staphylococcus hyicus
  • Affects neonatal piglets - often fatal, older piglets - milder disease
  • Focal erosion of stratum corneum
  • Brown exudate
  • Dermatitis around eyes, ears, snout, chin and medial legs, may spread to ventral abdomen and thorax
  • Rapidly becomes generalised -> greasy exudate over red skin -> hardened, cracked exudate
  • In older piglets, milder localised disease develops around eyes, ears and face
  • Grossly:
    • Thickened epidermis, scaling
  • Microscopically:
    • Early - subcorneal pustular dermatitis extending to hair follicles -> superficial suppurative folliculitis
    • Late - hyperplastic epidermis, thick keratin crusts with cocci, microabscesses
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