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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Mites]] |
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| − | ==Astigmata (mites) introduction==
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| − | [[Image:Mange.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mange on a dog - Wikimedia Commons]]
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| − | Mites are one of the most successful and diverse vertebrate groups. The species of veterinary importance are parasitic, although a few non-parasitic mites are also important, such as oribatid mites (intermediate hosts for [[Anoplocephala|''Anoplocephala'']] and [[Moniezia|''Moniezia'']]) and forage mites.
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| − | Mites are very small, on average under 0.3mm in length and for this reason often go unnoticed. They spend the majority of their life cycle '''on''' the host and cause '''mange'''.
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| − | The body shows no segmentation but can be divided into two sections, the '''idiosoma''' and the '''gnathosoma'''. Adult and nymphs have '''four''' pairs of legs, whereas larvae have only '''three''' pairs of legs.
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| − | The taxonomy of mites is complex as there are over 8 families. In this article the families are split according to their location on the host into sub-surface (burrowing) and surface (non-burrowing) mites.
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| − | <big>
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| − | '''Burrowing Mites'''
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| − | *Sarcoptidae
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| − | **'''[[Sarcoptes|''Sarcoptes'']]
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| − | **'''[[Knemidocoptes|''Knemidocoptes'']]
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| − | **'''[[Trixacarus|''Trixacarus'']]
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| − | **'''[[Demodex|''Demodex'']]
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| − | ===''Notoedres''===
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| − | *Known as feline scabies
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| − | *Also common ectoparasite of tropical bats
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| − | *Parasite of cats, rats, man and rabbits
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Similar to ''Sarcoptes''
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| − | *Less distinct angles on body surface
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| − | *Females have suckers on legs 1 and 2
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| − | | |
| − | *Females are about 225μm in length and males 150μm
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| − | *Anal opening is distinctly dorsal (not posterior)
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Infection begins on the ear tips and spreads over the body
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| − | *''Notoedres cati'' in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Notoedric mites|notoedric skin infestation]]
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| − | *Causes dermatitis
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| − | *Burrowing of females damages keratinocytes leading to cytokine release
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| − | *Hypersensitivity reaction may occur
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| − | '''Diagnosis'''
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| − | *Superficial skin scraping
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| − | *A single nest in a scraping may yield many mites
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| − | ==Non-Burrowing Mites==
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| − | *Live on the skin surface
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| − | *Feed on either skin scales and tissue or suck blood
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| − | ===''Psoroptes''===
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| − | *Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Psoroptic mites|psoroptic skin infestation]]
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Oval shaped
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| − | *Long legs
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| − | *Funnel shaped suckers on '''segmented''' pedicels
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| − | *1-2mm in length
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| − | '''Life cycle'''
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| − | *Confined to skin surface
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| − | *Feed on serous exudate by siphoning
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| − | *Adult female can lay up to 100 eggs during her life time (1 month)
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| − | *10 day life cycle
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| − | *2 nymphal stages
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| − | ====''Psoroptes cuniculi''====
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| − | *Parasite of rabbits
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| − | *Common among conventional rabbits
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| − | *Transmitted via contact
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| − | *Adapted to living in an aural environment
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *The ears are painful and intensely pruritic
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| − | *Affected rabbits shake their heads and scratch their ears
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| − | *The inner surfaces of the pinnae are covered with brown, scaly, fetid material, and the skin beneath is raw
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| − | *Mites are grossly visible
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| − | *Histologically, there is chronic erosive and proliferative eosinophilic dermatitis
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| − | **The mites are non-burrowing and thus are found only in the exudate, not in the tissue
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| − | '''Diagnosis'''
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| − | *Microscopic examination for mites (low magnification)
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| − | *Appearance
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| − | '''Control'''
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| − | *Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a colony
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| − | **Ivermectin is usually effective
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| − | ====''Psoroptes ovis''====
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| − | *Adult females are large mites at 750μm in length
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| − | *Males identified by copulatory suckers and paired posterior lobes
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| − | *Males attach to deutonymphs (second moult after larval stage) in a process called '''copula'''
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| − | **Males remain in copula until females moult for the last time
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| − | **Copulation occurs
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| − | *Life cycle last '''14 days'''
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| − | *Transmitted by direct contact between sheep
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| − | *Indirect transmission can also occur
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Economically important ectoparasite of sheep
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| − | *Causes '''sheep scab'''
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| − | **Wool loss, restlessness, biting, scratching of infested area and decreased productivity through decreased weight gain
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| − | **Usually seen in '''late autumn''' and '''early winter''' (although may also occur in late summer)
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| − | **Population numbers decline after shearing due to a change in the micro-climate, then build up again as the fleece grows
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| − | **'''Notifiable in UK'''
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| − | *Mites found under scabs and in skin folds
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| − | *Lesions most common on flanks, neck, back and shoulders
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| − | *Causes pruritic condition of cattle
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| − | *Active in keratin layer
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| − | *Mouthparts abrade the skin
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| − | *Antigenic material in mite faeces can lead to hypersensitivity reactions
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| − | '''Diagnosis'''
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| − | *Skin scraping
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| − | *KOH added
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| − | *Warm slide over a bunsen flame
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| − | *Examine under a microscope
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| − | '''Treatment'''
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| − | *Sheep
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| − | **Plunge dipping; no less than 1 minute and must dip head at lease once
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| − | **Can treat with avermectins or milbemycins by injection
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| − | *Cattle, horses and rabbits
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| − | **No licensed product for horses in the UK
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| − | **Cattle and rabbits can be treated with avermectins, milbemycins or topical acaricides
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| − | ===''Chorioptes bovis''===
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| − | *These cause [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Chorioptic mites|parasitic skin infestation]]
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| − | *Surface parasite of horses and cattle
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| − | *Less pathogenic than ''Psoroptes''
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| − | **Mouthparts cannot pierce the skin
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| − | *Life cycle takes '''3 weeks'''
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Oval body
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| − | *Long legs
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| − | *Cup shaped suckers on '''unsegmented''' pedicels
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| − | *Females about 300μm in length
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Chorioptic mange
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| − | **Often seen in rough-legged horses with heavy feathering
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| − | **Induce crusty skin and lesions below the hocks and knees
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| − | *Mild condition in cattle
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| − | **Rubbing and scratching
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| − | **Hide damage
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| − | **Usually affects the base of the tail, perineum and udder
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| − | *Usually found on legs of sheep
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| − | **Mild condition
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| − | ===''Otodectes cynotis''===
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| − | *Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Otodectic mites|otodectic skin infestation]]
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| − | *Commonest mange of dogs and cats in the world
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| − | *Inhabits the inner ear
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| − | *Also found in the fox and the ferret
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| − | *Closed keratinous bars ('''apodemes''') on ventral surface
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| − | *Life cycle takes '''3 weeks'''
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| − | *Feeds on ear debris
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *The majority of cats harbour the mites, however only a few show symptoms
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| − | **Transmission occurs whilst kittens are suckling
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| − | *Common cause of [[Otitis Externa - Small Animal|otitis externa]] in dogs
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| − | *Brown waxy exudate produced
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| − | *Can lead to secondary infection
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| − | *Clinical signs are apparent
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| − | **Head shaking
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| − | **Ear scratching
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| − | **Aural haematomata
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| − | '''Treatment'''
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| − | *Acaracidal ear drops
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| − | **Massage base of ear to disperse drops after treatment
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| − | *Most treatments need to be repeated in 10-14 days to kill newly hatched mites
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| − | *Selamectin can be used as a spot-on treatment
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| − | **Prolonged duration of action
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| − | *Treat all in-contact animals
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| − | **These may be asymptomatic carriers
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| − | ===''Cheyletiella spp.''===
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| − | *Surface mite of cats and dogs
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| − | *Also found on humans and rabbits
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| − | **''C.yasguri'' (dogs)
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| − | **''C.blakei'' (cats and humans)
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| − | **''C.parasitivorax'' (rabbits)
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| − | *Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cheyletiellosis|parasitic skin infestation]]
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Waisted body
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| − | *Claw like palps on head
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| − | *Combs at ends of legs
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Highly contagious
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| − | *Mild pathogenesis
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| − | *Causes very scaly dermatitis
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| − | *Can be transferred to humans
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| − | '''Diagnosis'''
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| − | *Clinical signs
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| − | **Excess scurf
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| − | *Brush scurf onto dark paper
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| − | **'Walking dandruff' as mites will move when present in large numbers
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| − | *Skin scrapings
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| − | *Hair pluckings from scaly areas
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| − | **Eggs may be present
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| − | ===''Dermanyssus gallinae''===
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| − | *Red mite of poultry
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| − | *Spends most of time '''off''' the host
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| − | **Adults and nymphs visit poultry at night to feed
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| − | *Life cycle takes '''1 week'''
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| − | *Adults can survive several months without feeding so reservoirs can build up
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| − | '''Appearance'''
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| − | *Spider like mite with long legs
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| − | *White or grey
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| − | **Becomes red when engorged with blood after feeding
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| − | *Few hairs on body
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| − | *Hooks on legs
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Blood sucking mite
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| − | *Lesions usually found on the breast and legs
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| − | *Irritation, restlessness, decrease in egg production
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| − | *Anaemia can result if mites are present in large numbers
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| − | *Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested
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| − | '''Treatment'''
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| − | *Acaricide
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| − | *Environmental treatment
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| − | *Remove wild bird nests
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| − | ===''Ornithonyssus''===
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| − | *Also called the Northern mite or Northern feather mite
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| − | *Closely related to ''Dermanyssus''
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| − | *Hairy
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| − | *Spends entire life cycle '''on''' the host
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| − | *Occurs in caged birds and poultry
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| − | *Causes feathers to become matted and severe scabbing can develop
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| − | **Scabs particularly seen around the vent
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| − | *Decreases egg production
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| − | *Grey or black discolouration of feathers when large numbers of mites are present
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| − | ===''Trombicula autumnalis''===
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| − | *Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Trombiculidiasis|parasitic skin infestation]]
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| − | *Also called the harvest mite
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| − | *Not host-specific
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| − | **Will parasitise any animal, including humans
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| − | *Only the larval stage is parasitic
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| − | **Nymphal and adult stages are free-living in the soil
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| − | *Mite numbers are highest in late summer in temperate climates
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| − | **Mite numbers are constant all year in tropical regions
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Six legs
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| − | *Bright orange in colour
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| − | *Hairy
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| − | *No spiracles
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| − | **Breath through cuticle
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Larvae insert mouthparts into skin and inject cytolytic enzymes
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| − | *Feed on partly digested host tissue
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| − | *Causes irritation
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| − | *Can cause a hypersensitivity reaction
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| − | *Mites found on head, ears and flanks of pets
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| − | *Mites found on face and limbs of grazing animals (depending upon host height)
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| − | '''Control'''
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| − | *Very difficult; try to restrict access of animals to 'hot-spot' areas
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| − | '''Treatment'''
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| − | *Fipronil spray applied to affected areas
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| − | ===''Leporacarus''===
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| − | *Known as the rabbit fur mite
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| − | *Found on rabbits (domestic and wild) and on hares
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| − | *Common
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| − | *Clings to individual hairs
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| − | *Feeds on sebaceous secretions and skin debris
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| − | *Non-pathogenic
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| − | *May cause dermatitis in humans handling infected animals
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| − | ===Forage Mites===
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| − | *Pests of stored food products, hay and straw
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| − | *May cause skin reactions, respiratory and intestinal disturbances in animals and humans
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| − | *Control relies upon
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| − | **Identifying and destroying infected feed and bedding
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| − | **Thoroughly cleaning feed storage bins
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| − | **Keeping feed storage areas clean and dry
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| − | ===''Varroa destructor''===
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| − | [[Image:Varroa Mite .jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]] | |
| − | [[Image:Varroa Mite on honeybee pupa.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]]
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| − | *More commonly known as the honeybee mite
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| − | *'''Notifiable disease in the UK'''
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| − | *Oval
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| − | *1-1.5mm in length
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| − | *Eggs are laid in the hive and develop with the brood cells
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Blood-sucking
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| − | *Weakens adult bees
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| − | *Damages growing larval bees resulting in deformities
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| − | '''Control'''
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| − | *Acaricidal strips hung between combs
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| − | *Destroy colonies in apiary (if isolated outbreak)
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| − | *Monitor mite numbers and treat if widespread
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| − | ==[[Arachnid Flashcards - WikiBugs|Arachnid Flashcards]]==
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| − | ==Links==
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| − | [[Clinical Case 2]]
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| − | [[Category:Parasites]][[Category:Mites]]
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