Difference between revisions of "Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis"

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(Created page with ' Also known as IBR Caused by:Bovine Herpesvirus 1 : aerosol transfer ====Pathogenesis==== *BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eo…')
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== Introduction ==
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Also known as IBR
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[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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Caused by:[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]
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[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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: aerosol transfer
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This disease is also known as '''IBR''' and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] (BHV-1) through aerosol transmission and close contact of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a [[:Category:Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]], meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.
 
  
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BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies) from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.
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====Pathogenesis====
  
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== Classification ==
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*BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
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**Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity: serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing
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*Dypsnoea, anorexia
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*Rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia
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*Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
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*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
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*Generally high morbidity, low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]], caused by meningo-encephalitis
  
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BHV's Baltimore Classification is I, dsDNA virus, and is part of the Herpesviridae family. It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid symmetry.
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====Diagnosis====
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*Virus isolation and immunofluorescence
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
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====Control====
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*'''Vaccination''':
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**Two '''live attenuated''' vaccines are available in the UK, one is temperature-sensitive
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***Both given intranasally
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***Neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease
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**'''Inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration
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***gE deletion makes this a '''marker vaccine'''
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***ELISA for gE deletion can enable culling of carrier animals
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*IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
  
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Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into [[bronchopneumonia]]. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.
 
  
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Clinical disease is most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
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[[Category:Cattle]]
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There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]] resulting in meningo-encephalitis.
 
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Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella]] or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]].
 
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== Diagnosis ==
 
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Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and [[immunofluorescence]].
 
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On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.
 
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Test for serum antibodies against IBR and re-test in 2-3 weeks time.
 
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== Control  ==
 
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'''[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] '''is available and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines available in the UK are given intranasally and neither protects against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.
 
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<big><b>For more information see [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]. </b></big>
 
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Cattle Medicine Q&A 05]]
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) '''Bovine Medicine '''(Second edition), ''Blackwell Publishing''
 
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Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008)''' Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle,''''' Elsevier Health Scieneces''
 
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 
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{{review}}
 
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==Webinars==
 
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/respiratory/webinars/feed</rss>
 
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[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 

Revision as of 10:19, 22 May 2010

Also known as IBR Caused by:Bovine Herpesvirus 1

aerosol transfer

Pathogenesis

  • BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
    • Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity: serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing
  • Dypsnoea, anorexia
  • Rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia
  • Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
  • Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
  • Generally high morbidity, low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with BVDV, caused by meningo-encephalitis

Diagnosis

  • Virus isolation and immunofluorescence

Control

  • Vaccination:
    • Two live attenuated vaccines are available in the UK, one is temperature-sensitive
      • Both given intranasally
      • Neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease
    • Inactivated vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration
      • gE deletion makes this a marker vaccine
      • ELISA for gE deletion can enable culling of carrier animals
  • IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
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