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Created page with '{{unfinished}} ==Morphology== *Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus *Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur *Spike proteins include **'''HN''' (Haemagglu…'
{{unfinished}}
==Morphology==
*Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
*Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
*Spike proteins include
**'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
**'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
==Virulence==
*Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
**Sites of spike protein cleavage
*Virulence varies by virus, see below
===Types and Subtypes==
Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera, of interest including:
*Subfamily: ''[[Paramoyxovirinae]]'':
*Subfamily: ''Pneumovirinae''
**[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
**Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
==Antigenic Variation==
*Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
**Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
**Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
*Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
**These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
==Paramyxoviridae by Species==
==Avian==
===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
==Canine==
===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
==Bovine==
===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
===[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]===
==Equine==
===Hendra Virus===
*Equine Paramyxovirus
*Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
*Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
==Porcine==
===Nipah Virus===
*Infects pigs and humans
*Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
*Causes porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome in pigs
*Zoonosis transmitted by fruit bats
*Nipah virus is an emerging disease with the first outbreak in 1999 in Malaysia
==Reptiles==
===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
*Infect central nervous system and lungs
*Kill particularly '''snakes'''
*Healthy reptiles may be carriers
*Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
*Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
==Rodentia==
===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
*Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
*Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
*But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
*Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
*Control achieved by:
**Purchasing '''specific pathogen free (SPF)''' mice
**Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
=Other resources=
*[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
[[Category:Viruses]]
==Morphology==
*Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
*Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
*Spike proteins include
**'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
**'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
==Virulence==
*Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
**Sites of spike protein cleavage
*Virulence varies by virus, see below
===Types and Subtypes==
Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera, of interest including:
*Subfamily: ''[[Paramoyxovirinae]]'':
*Subfamily: ''Pneumovirinae''
**[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
**Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
==Antigenic Variation==
*Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
**Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
**Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
*Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
**These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
==Paramyxoviridae by Species==
==Avian==
===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
==Canine==
===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
==Bovine==
===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
===[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]===
==Equine==
===Hendra Virus===
*Equine Paramyxovirus
*Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
*Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
==Porcine==
===Nipah Virus===
*Infects pigs and humans
*Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
*Causes porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome in pigs
*Zoonosis transmitted by fruit bats
*Nipah virus is an emerging disease with the first outbreak in 1999 in Malaysia
==Reptiles==
===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
*Infect central nervous system and lungs
*Kill particularly '''snakes'''
*Healthy reptiles may be carriers
*Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
*Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
==Rodentia==
===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
*Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
*Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
*But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
*Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
*Control achieved by:
**Purchasing '''specific pathogen free (SPF)''' mice
**Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
=Other resources=
*[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
[[Category:Viruses]]