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==Traumatic Pathology==
 
==Traumatic Pathology==
===Impaction===
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===[[Impaction of the Oesophagus]]===
{| style="color:darkblue;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
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|'''Upper Block'''
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|'''Lower Block'''
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|-
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| Acute vomiting
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| Gradual intestinal distention
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|-
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| Dehydration
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| Mucosal destruction
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|-
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| Alkalosis
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| Toxaemia
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|-
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| Pre-renal azotaemia
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| Peritonitis
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|}
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*Commonly in cattle, horses and dogs.
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*The most common sites of obstruction are the '''thoracic inlet''', '''the base of the heart''', and the '''hiatus oesophagus''' of the diaphragm, i.e.: the narrowest points.
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====Clinical Signs====
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====Horse====
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*With foods that expand in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] such as haylage etc.
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*Also seen with whole apples. 
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====Cattle====
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[[Image:Bovimpaction.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Impaction of a bovine oesophagus (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
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*May eat a spherical object that obstructs the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] mostly in anterior 1/3rd of [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and can often be palpated in live animal.
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*Potatoes can be a cheap source of feed and if fed whole can become stuck in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]. 
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*If obstruction occurs further down can be difficult to diagnose and remove. 
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*Cattle develop bloat when [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] obstructed.
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*Apples fairly easily to dislodge.
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====Dog====
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*Usually with small bones
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*Animals that feel protective of feed may gulp food down quickly, particularly if given small chops / knuckle bones.
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*Knobbly shape may make bone lodge in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]], particularly just anterior to heart. 
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*Very difficult to dislodge (because of shape).
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*Pressure necrosis occurs very quickly around it and can erode through [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] within about 24 hours. 
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*Small bone may also lodge in [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] if they pass through the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
      
===Rupture===
 
===Rupture===
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