Difference between revisions of "Reproductive System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology"

Revision as of 17:58, 16 June 2010

The Mare Uterus- Courtesy of A.Crook, Copyright RVC 2008

Introduction to the Reproductive System

Reproduction is the complex set of biological processes that result in the formation of a new organism. It is crucial, especially in our production animals, that we understand how these processes occur normally and have a good grasp of the role of hormones in this process. Pathology and disease are common within the reproductive system and can not only lead to a sick animal but also to a loss in production. In this section we hope to cover all the main processes in the domestic animals. This will lay a foundation to aid in the understanding of more potentially quite complex pathologies.

Puberty

Puberty is the process of aquiring reproductive capability, and age at onset of puberty varies from between species. There are several factors involved in triggering the onset of puberty, including body size, nutritional factors, day length, genetic factors and environmental and social factors. The onset depends on the ability of specific hypothalamic neurons to produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in sufficient quantities to both promote and support gametogenesis. The hypothalamus itself is influenced by hormonal factors that are male or female specific.

Female Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour

The anatomy of the female reproductive tract includes the the external genitalia and vagina, the cervix, the uterus, the oviduct and the ovary. Female animals regularly enter a phase where they are sexually active and receptive to males; this is collectively known as the oestrous cycle. Some animals are able to reproduce all year round, but many have an anoestrus phase which requires a seasonal response for cycling to begin. In some species detection of seasonal cycling can be crucial to productivity.

Female animals have various behavioural and chemical signals which increase their attractiveness to males and others which signal their acceptance of attention from the male. Further cues indicate that the female is receptive to mating. Other reproductive female behaviours include maternal and nursing behaviour. In neurological terms sensory information from behavioural and chemical cues are processed by the hypothalamus, which induces the appropriate mating response via specific peptides which activate neurons in the midbrain and brainstem.

Male Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour

The anatomy of the male reproductive tract includes the penis, the testes, the epididymis and the accessory sex glands. Males of different species are often referred to by specific names which reflect their repoductive status. Males differ from females in the production of sperm which takes place from puberty onwards - unlike females where ova are produced prior to birth. The hormones controlling sperm production, or spermatogenesis are luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

The neurological pathways that control reproductive behaviour are similar to the female, but the response is male specific and includes pre-copulatory, copulatory and post-copulatory behaviour.

Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development

After mating has occured, sperm must travel along the female reproductive tract towards the uterus in order to fertilise the oocyte. The sperm entert the oocyte and the male and female pronuclei fuse and dive repeatedly to form the blastocyst.

Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst

Implantation

Sexual Differentiation

Internal and External Genitalia Development

Gestation

Reference Table of Gestation Lengths in Various Species

Diagnosis of Pregnancy

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

Litter Sizes

Placenta

Maintaining Pregnancy

Parturition

Normal Parturition

Endocrine Control of Parturition

Pharmacological Manipulation of Parturition

Risks in Parturition

The Puerperium

Overview of the Puerperium

Myometrial Contraction and Expulsion of Lochia

Involution & Endometrial Repair

Resumption of Ovarian Function: for more information see 'Species Differences in the Puerperium' below.

Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract

Factors Influencing the Puerperium

Species Differences in the Puerperium

Lactation

Overview of Lactation

The Mammary Gland

Endocrine Control

Milk Composition and Biosynthesis

Involution

Links to Associated Pathology

Reproductive Technologies

Semen Collection

Artificial Insemination

Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Maturation

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Embryo Sexing

Semen Sexing

Embryo Splitting

Nuclear Transplantation:Cloning

Transgenic Animals

Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas)

Small Domestic Mammals

Exotics

Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Test yourself - Reproduction System flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

References

P.L Senger: Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition,2nd Edition
David E. Noakes,Timothy J. Parkinson,Gary C. W. England,Geoffrey H. Arthur: Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics
Bairbre O'Malley:Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of Exotic Species
Dyce, Sack and Wensing: Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 3rd Edition
Konig and Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 3rd Edition
Victoria Aspinall, Melanie Cappello: Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology
Gina Bromage: Llamas and Alpacas: A Guide to Management
R.J. Roberts,Lydia Brown: Aquaculture for Veterinarians - Fish Husbandry and Medicine (Pergamon Veterinary Handbook)
B.Young, J.W Heath: Wheater's Functional Histology, A Text and Colour Atlas

Creators of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Pages

Amy Cartmel (RVC)
Lois Wilkie (RVC)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{toplink
+|thispagenormal =  {{PAGENAME}}
+|thispagemap = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
+|pagetype= Anatomy
+}}
+<br>
 [[Image:Mare Uterus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Mare Uterus- Courtesy of A.Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]
 == Introduction to the Reproductive System ==
-Reproduction is the complex set of biological processes that result in the formation of a new organism; it is crucial that we understand how these processes occur normally and have a good grasp of the role of [[Reproductive Hormones Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|hormones]] in the reproductive process. Pathology and disease are common within the reproductive system and can not only lead to a sick animal but also to a loss in production. In this section we hope to cover all the main processes in domestic animals, laying a foundation for understanding the associated pathological states.
+Reproduction is the complex set of biological processes that result in the formation of a new organism. It is crucial, especially in our production animals, that we understand how these processes occur normally and have a good grasp of the role of [[Overview of the Reproductive System - Overview of Reproductive Hormones - Anatomy & Physiology|hormones]] in this process. Pathology and disease are common within the reproductive system and can not only lead to a sick animal but also to a loss in production. In this section we hope to cover all the main processes in the domestic animals.  This will lay a foundation to aid in the understanding of more potentially quite complex pathologies.
 == Puberty ==
-[[Puberty Defining - Anatomy & Physiology|Puberty]] is the process of aquiring reproductive capability, and age at onset of puberty varies from between [[Puberty Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|species]]. There are several factors involved in triggering the [[Puberty Onset Influencing Factors - Anatomy & Physiology|onset]] of puberty, including body size, nutritional factors, day length, genetic factors and environmental and social factors. The onset depends on the ability of specific hypothalamic neurons to produce [[Puberty Endocrine Events - Anatomy & Physiology|gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)]] in sufficient quantities to both promote and support gametogenesis. The hypothalamus itself is influenced by hormonal factors that are [[Hypothalamus Differences in the Male and Female - Anatomy & Physiology|male or female specific]].
+[[Puberty - Defining Puberty - Anatomy & Physiology|Puberty]] is the process of aquiring reproductive capability, and age at onset of puberty varies from between [[Puberty- Overview of Puberty - Anatomy & Physiology|species]]. There are several factors involved in triggering the [[Puberty - Factors Influencing the Onset of Puberty - Anatomy & Physiology|onset]] of puberty, including body size, nutritional factors, day length, genetic factors and environmental and social factors. The onset depends on the ability of specific hypothalamic neurons to produce [[Puberty - Endocrine Events of Puberty - Anatomy & Physiology|gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)]] in sufficient quantities to both promote and support gametogenesis. The hypothalamus itself is influenced by hormonal factors that are [[Puberty - Differences in the Male and Female Hypothalamus- Anatomy & Physiology|male or female specific]].
 == Female Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour==
-The anatomy of the female reproductive tract includes the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|external genitalia and vagina]], [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|the cervix]], [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|the uterus]], [[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|the oviduct]] and [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|the ovary]].
+The anatomy of the female reproductive tract includes the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|the external genitalia and vagina]], [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|the cervix]], [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|the uterus]], [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|the oviduct]] and [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|the ovary]].
-Female animals regularly enter a phase where they are sexually active and receptive to males; this is known as the [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]]. Some animals are able to reproduce all year round, but many have an anoestrus phase which requires a [[Seasonality of Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|seasonal response]] for cycling to begin. In some species [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|detection of seasonal cycling]] can be crucial to productivity.
+Female animals regularly enter a phase where they are sexually active and receptive to males; this is collectively known as the [[Female Reproductive Tract -Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]]. Some animals are able to reproduce all year round, but many have an anoestrus phase which requires a [[Female Reproductive Tract -Seasonality of Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|seasonal response]] for cycling to begin. In some species [[Reproductive Behaviour - Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|detection of seasonal cycling]] can be crucial to productivity.
-Female animals have various [[Reproductive Behaviour Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|behavioural]] and chemical signals which increase their [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|attractiveness]] to males and others which signal their [[Proceptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|acceptance]] of attention from the male. Further cues indicate that the female is [[Receptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|receptive]] to mating. Other reproductive female behaviours include [[Maternal Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|maternal]] and  [[Nursing Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|nursing]] behaviour. In  [[Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|neurological terms]] sensory information from behavioural and chemical cues are processed by the hypothalamus, which induces the appropriate mating response via specific peptides which activate neurons in the midbrain and brainstem.
+Female animals have various [[Reproductive Behaviour - Overview of Reproductive Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|behavioural]] and chemical signals which increase their [[Reproductive Behaviour - Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|attractiveness]] to males and others which signal their [[Reproductive Behaviour - Proceptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|acceptance]] of attention from the male. Further cues indicate that the female is [[Reproductive Behaviour - Receptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|receptive]] to mating. Other reproductive female behaviours include [[Reproductive Behaviour - Maternal Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|maternal]] and  [[Reproductive Behaviour - Nursing Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|nursing]] behaviour. In  [[Reproductive Behaviour - Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Motor Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|neurological terms]] sensory information from behavioural and chemical cues are processed by the hypothalamus, which induces the appropriate mating response via specific peptides which activate neurons in the midbrain and brainstem.
 == Male Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Behaviour==
-The anatomy of the male reproductive tract includes the [[Penis - Anatomy & Physiology|penis]], the [[Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|testes]], the [[Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|epididymis]] and the [[Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|accessory sex glands]]. Males of different species are often referred to by specific [[Useful Terms for Male Animals - Anatomy & Physiology|names]] which reflect their repoductive status. Males differ from females in the [[Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology|production of sperm]] which takes place from puberty onwards - unlike females where ova are produced prior to birth. The [[Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology|hormones]] controlling sperm production, or spermatogenesis are luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
+The anatomy of the male reproductive tract includes the [[Male Reproductive Tract -The External Genetalia - Anatomy & Physiology|penis]], the [[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|testes]], the [[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|epididymis]] and the [[Male Reproductive Tract -Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|accessory sex glands]]. Males of different species are often referred to by specific [[Male Reproductive Tract -Useful Terms - Anatomy & Physiology|names]] which reflect their repoductive status. Males differ from females in the [[Male Reproductive Tract -Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology|production of sperm]] which takes place from puberty onwards - unlike females where ova are produced prior to birth. The [[Male Reproductive Tract -Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology|hormones]] controlling sperm production, or spermatogenesis are luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
-The [[Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|neurological pathways]] that control reproductive behaviour are similar to the female, but the response is male specific and includes [[Pre-copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|pre-copulatory]], [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulatory]] and [[Post-Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|post-copulatory]] behaviour.
+The [[Reproductive Behaviour - Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Motor Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|neurological pathways]] that control reproductive behaviour are similar to the female, but the response is male specific and includes [[Reproductive Behaviour - Pre-copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|pre-copulatory]], [[Reproductive Behaviour - Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulatory]] and [[Reproductive Behaviour - Post-Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|post-copulatory]] behaviour.
 == Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development ==
-After mating has occured, sperm must [[Sperm in the Female Tract - Anatomy & Physiology|travel]] along the female reproductive tract towards the uterus in order to [[Fertilisation - Anatomy & Physiology|fertilise]] the oocyte. A single spermatazoon penetrates the oocyte and the male and female pronuclei fuse to form an ootid which divides repeatedly to form the [[Blastocyst Embryonic Development - Anatomy & Physiology|blastocyst]]. At this stage the genetic sex of the offspring is determined as male gametes are [[Sexual Differentiation - Anatomy & Physiology|heterogametic]]. The blastocyst continues to divide and grow until the outer layer, the zona pellucida ruptures and the blastocyst 'hatches' and becomes free floating within the uterus. The blastocyt continues to grow and develop until it becomes an embryo with placental and embryonic membranes such as the amniotic sac; the placental membranes then attach to the uterine endometrium in a process known as [[Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|implantation]]. During embryonic development the process of [[Internal and External Genitalia Development - Anatomy & Physiology|sexual differentiation]] begins.
+After mating has occured, sperm must [[Copulation -Sperm in the Female Tract - Anatomy & Physiology|travel]] along the female reproductive tract towards the uterus in order to [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|fertilise]] the oocyte. The sperm entert the oocyte and the male and female pronuclei fuse and dive repeatedly to form the [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|blastocyst]].
-== Pregnancy and Parturition ==
-In most domestic species, pregnancy is maintained by hormonal feedback from the corpus luteum and, in many species, the placenta. The corpus luteum is maintained in early pregnancy and progesterone levels remain elevated as a result. This maintains negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland which inhibits further follicular development and ovulation. In polyoestrous species, it prevents the return to oestrus. In many species the [[Placenta Endocrine Function_- Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]] will take over or supplement the corpus luteum as the source of progesterone during pregnancy; the placenta is a source of many of the hormones that  regulate changes during preganancy, stimulating mammary growth, the growth of the myometrium, preparation for parturition, and secreting chorionic gonadotrophin in species where this is required for the [[Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|maternal recognition of pregnancy]]. [[Litter Sizes - Anatomy & Physiology|Litter sizes]] vary between species, as do methods of pregnancy diagnosis.
+* [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst]]
-* [[Gestation Lengths in Various Species - Anatomy & Physiology|Summary of Gestation Lengths in Various Species]]
+* [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
+* [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
-The process of giving birth, or [[Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|parturition ]] is conventionally divided into [[Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|three stages]]; stage one includes the movement of the foetus into the birthing position and preparation of the reproductive tract for birth, which is followed by stage two - contractions and the birth itself. Finally, stage three involves the expulsion of the foetal membranes. The timings of each stage vary from species to species, and a good knowledge of the normal progression of parturition is essential to detect when things are not proceeding normally. There are several [[:Category:Reproductive Disorders|conditions]] that can occur to disturb the normal progress of parturition, including dystocia, uterine inertia, ring womb, prolapses, retained placenta, endometritis and foetal abnormalities. Like pregnancy, parturition is under complex [[Parturition Endocrine Control - Anatomy & Physiology|hormonal control]], and this can be manipulated [[Parturition Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|pharmacalogically]] to alter the timing of parturition.
+* [[Male Reproductive Tract -Internal and External Genitalia Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Internal and External Genitalia Development]]
+== Gestation ==
+* [[Gestation -Reference Table of Gestation Lengths in Various Species - Anatomy & Physiology|Reference Table of Gestation Lengths in Various Species]]
+* [[Gestation -Diagnosis of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|Diagnosis of Pregnancy]]
+* [[Gestation -Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy]]
+*[[Gestation -Litter Sizes - Anatomy & Physiology|Litter Sizes]]
+* [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|Placenta]]
+* [[Gestation -Maintaining Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|Maintaining Pregnancy]]
+== Parturition ==
+* [[Parturition - Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Normal Parturition ]]
+* [[Parturition - Endocrine Control of Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine Control of Parturition]]
+*[[Parturition - Pharmacological Manipulation of Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Parturition ]]
+* [[Parturition - Risks in Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Risks in Parturition]]
 == The Puerperium ==
-[[Puerperium - Anatomy & Physiology|Puerperium]] describes the period of time immediately following parturition, when the female enters a period of reproductive repair and begins lactation. For a period of time these two processes overlap. During this time the female experiences regular myometrial contractions which expel the remaining fluid and tissues present following birth, allowing the uterus to begin involution and repair so that the reproductive cycle can begin once more. The discharge appears at the vulva and is known as lochia. The process of birth can predispose the reproductive tract to heavy bacterial contamination, but physiological and hormonal changes encourage the removal of bacteria before infection can become established. There are many environmental and management influences that will affect the length of time that puerperium lasts, as well as differences between species.
+* [[The Puerperium - Overview of the Puerperium - Anatomy & Physiology|Overview of the Puerperium]]
+* [[The Puerperium - Myometrial Contraction and Expulsion of Lochia - Anatomy & Physiology|Myometrial Contraction and Expulsion of Lochia]]
+* [[The Puerperium - Endometrial Repair- Anatomy & Physiology|Involution & Endometrial Repair]]
+* [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Processes_Taking_Place_In_The_Ovary|Resumption of Ovarian Function]]: for more information see 'Species Differences in the Puerperium' below.
+* [[The Puerperium - Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract- Anatomy & Physiology|Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract]]
+* [[The Puerperium - Factors Influencing the Puerperium- Anatomy & Physiology|Factors Influencing the Puerperium]]
+* [[The Puerperium - Species Differences in the Puerperium- Anatomy & Physiology| Species Differences in the Puerperium]]
 == Lactation ==
-The secretion of milk from the mammary glands is known as [[Lactation - Anatomy & Physiology|lactation]] - the milk provides [Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology|nourishment]] for the neonate in addition to immunoprotection in the form of anitibodies which are contained in the initial mammary secretions, or [[Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]]. Mammary development and milk production and ejection are induced by [[Lactation - Endocrine Control - Anatomy & Physiology|hormonal signals]]. Lactation continues until the neonate is weaned; after weaning the [[Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|mammary glands]] undergo [[Lactation - Anatomy & Physiology#Involution|involution]] and return to a non-secretory state.
-Various pathological states that affect mammary tissues include [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Examples of Tumour Types|mammary neoplasia]] and [[Healing and Repair - Pathology#Female|mastitis]]. Metabolic disturbances can also occur during lactation, the most common being hypocalcaemia or 'milk fever'.
+* [[Lactation - Overview of Lactation - Anatomy & Physiology|Overview of Lactation]]
+* [[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|The Mammary Gland]]
+* [[Lactation - Endocrine Control - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine Control]]
+* [[Lactation - Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology|Milk Composition and Biosynthesis]]
+* [[Lactation - Involution - Anatomy & Physiology|Involution]]
+* [[Lactation - Links to Associated Pathology - Anatomy & Physiology|Links to Associated Pathology]]
 == Reproductive Technologies ==
-Technologies such as [[Artificial Insemination - Anatomy & Physiology|artificial insemination]] (AI) have been in use for some time and in cattle, for example have become standard practice for reproduction purposes; the technique requires [[Semen Collection - Anatomy & Physiology|collection of semen]] from the male, which is preserved, transported and introduced into the female reporoductive tract in synchrony with her ovulation cycle. Recently other techniques have been developed which permit development of the embryo from a donor animal in a recepient female who will carry the pregnancey to term and nurse the resulting offspring - a technique called [[Embryo Transfer - Anatomy & Physiology|embryo transfer]]. This technique has some unique advantages and is becoming popular, for example in some equine studs where successful mares can continue their competative careers and still become part of a breeding programme. Other more specialised techniques used in breeding include:
-* [[In Vitro Fertilization - Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Fertilization]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Semen Collection - Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Collection]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Artificial Insemination - Anatomy & Physiology|Artificial Insemination]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer- Anatomy & Physiology|Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -In Vitro Fertilization- Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Fertilization]]
-* [[In Vitro Maturation - Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Maturation]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -In Vitro Maturation- Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Maturation]]
-* [[Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - Anatomy & Physiology|Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection- Anatomy & Physiology|Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection]]
-* [[Embryo Sexing - Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Sexing]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Embryo Sexing- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Sexing]]
-* [[Semen Sexing - Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Sexing]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Semen Sexing- Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Sexing]]
-* [[Embryo Splitting - Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Splitting]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Embryo Splitting- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Splitting]]
-* [[Nuclear Transplantation/Cloning - Anatomy & Physiology|Nuclear Transplantation/Cloning]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Nuclear Transplantation:Cloning- Anatomy & Physiology|Nuclear Transplantation:Cloning]]
-* [[Transgenic Animals - Anatomy & Physiology|Transgenic Animals]]
+* [[Reproductive Technologies -Transgenic Animals- Anatomy & Physiology|Transgenic Animals]]
 == Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) ==
-* [[Camelid Female Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Female Anatomy]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Female Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Female Anatomy]]
-* [[Camelid Male Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Male Anatomy]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Male Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Male Anatomy]]
-* [[Camelid Breeding Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Breeding Cycle]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Breeding Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Breeding Cycle]]
-* [[Camelid Mating - Anatomy & Physiology|Mating]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Mating - Anatomy & Physiology|Mating]]
-* [[Camelid Pregnancy Diagnosis - Anatomy & Physiology|Pregnancy Diagnosis]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Pregnancy Diagnosis - Anatomy & Physiology|Pregnancy Diagnosis]]
-* [[Camelid Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition]]
-* [[Camelid Lactation & Care of the Newborn - Anatomy & Physiology|Lactation & Care of the Newborn]]
+* [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Lactation & Care of the Newborn - Anatomy & Physiology|Lactation & Care of the Newborn]]
 == Small Domestic Mammals ==
-* [[Reproductive Characteristics Reference Table for Small Mammals - Anatomy & Physiology|Summary of Reproductive Characteristics for Small Domestic Mammals]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Reference Table of Reproductive Characteristics for Small Domestic Mammals- Anatomy & Physiology|Summary of Reproductive Characteristics for Small Domestic Mammals]]
-* [[Guinea Pig Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Guinea Pig]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Guinea Pig- Anatomy & Physiology|Guinea Pig]]
-* [[Ferret Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Ferret]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Ferret- Anatomy & Physiology|Ferret]]
-* [[Chinchilla Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Chinchilla]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Chinchilla- Anatomy & Physiology|Chinchilla]]
-* [[Chipmunk Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Chipmunk]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Chipmunk- Anatomy & Physiology|Chipmunk]]
-* [[Mouse Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Mouse]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Mouse- Anatomy & Physiology|Mouse]]
-* [[Hamster Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Hamster]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Hamster- Anatomy & Physiology|Hamster]]
-* [[Rabbit Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Rabbit]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Rabbit- Anatomy & Physiology|Rabbit]]
-* [[Rat Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Rat]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Rat- Anatomy & Physiology|Rat]]
-* [[Gerbil Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Gerbil]]
+* [[Small Mammals -Gerbil- Anatomy & Physiology|Gerbil]]
 == Exotics ==
-* [[:Category:Avian Reproduction|Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]]
+* [[Exotics - Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]]
-* [[Reptile Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]]
-* [[Amphibian Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]]
+* [[Exotics - Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]]
-* [[Fish Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]]
+* [[Exotics - Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]]
+* [[Exotics - Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]]
-{{Learning
+==Test yourself - Reproduction System flashcards==
-|flashcards = [[Reproductive System Flashcards - Anatomy & Physiology|Reproductive System Flashcards]]
+*'''[[Reproductive System Flashcards - Anatomy & Physiology|Reproductive System Flashcards]]'''
-|OVAM = [[Reproductive System Vetlogic Quiz|Reproductive System Quiz]]
-|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/browse/Reproduction Reproduction]
-}}
 == References ==
@@ Line 107: / Line 164: @@
 * B.Young, J.W Heath: Wheater's Functional Histology, A Text and Colour Atlas
-==Webinars==
+== Creators of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Pages ==
-<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss>
-[[Category:Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
+* Amy Cartmel (RVC)
+* [[Lois_Wilkie|Lois Wilkie]] (RVC)