Difference between revisions of "Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis"

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Also known as IBR
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Caused by:[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]
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: aerosol transfer
  
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== Introduction ==
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====Pathogenesis====
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[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
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[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
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This disease is also known as '''IBR''' and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] (BHV-1) through aerosol transmission and close contact of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a [[:Category:Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]], meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.
 
  
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BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies) from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.
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*BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
 +
**Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity: serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing
 +
*Dypsnoea, anorexia
 +
*Rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia
 +
*Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
 +
*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
 +
*Generally high morbidity, low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]], caused by meningo-encephalitis
  
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== Classification ==
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====Diagnosis====
 +
*Virus isolation and immunofluorescence
  
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BHV's Baltimore Classification is I, dsDNA virus, and is part of the Herpesviridae family. It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid symmetry.
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====Control====
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*'''Vaccination''':
 +
**Two '''live attenuated''' vaccines are available in the UK, one is temperature-sensitive
 +
***Both given intranasally
 +
***Neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease
 +
**'''Inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration
 +
***gE deletion makes this a '''marker vaccine'''
 +
***ELISA for gE deletion can enable culling of carrier animals
 +
*IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
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[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
  
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Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into [[bronchopneumonia]]. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.
 
  
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Clinical disease is most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
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*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
 +
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
 +
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
 +
*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
 +
*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
 +
*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
 +
*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasturella spp.]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium necrophorum]]) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
 +
*Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
 +
*Can become latent following primary infection
 +
*Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
 +
*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
 +
*Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
 +
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
  
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There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]] resulting in meningo-encephalitis.
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[[Category:Cattle]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
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Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella]] or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]].
 
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== Diagnosis ==
 
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Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and [[immunofluorescence]].
 
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On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.
 
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Test for serum antibodies against IBR and re-test in 2-3 weeks time.
 
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== Control  ==
 
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'''[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] '''is available and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines available in the UK are given intranasally and neither protects against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.
 
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<big><b>For more information see [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]. </b></big>
 
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Cattle Medicine Q&A 05]]
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) '''Bovine Medicine '''(Second edition), ''Blackwell Publishing''
 
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Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008)''' Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle,''''' Elsevier Health Scieneces''
 
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 
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{{review}}
 
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==Webinars==
 
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/respiratory/webinars/feed</rss>
 
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[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 

Revision as of 22:40, 26 June 2010

Also known as IBR Caused by:Bovine Herpesvirus 1

aerosol transfer

Pathogenesis

  • BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
    • Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity: serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing
  • Dypsnoea, anorexia
  • Rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia
  • Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
  • Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
  • Generally high morbidity, low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with BVDV, caused by meningo-encephalitis

Diagnosis

  • Virus isolation and immunofluorescence

Control

  • Vaccination:
    • Two live attenuated vaccines are available in the UK, one is temperature-sensitive
      • Both given intranasally
      • Neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease
    • Inactivated vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration
      • gE deletion makes this a marker vaccine
      • ELISA for gE deletion can enable culling of carrier animals
  • IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)


  • URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
  • Rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis
  • Morbidity is high, mortality is low
  • Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
  • Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
  • Early stages (only first few days) may show intracellular inclusions in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
  • Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
  • With secondary bacterial infection (eg: Pasturella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... inhalation pneumonia... death
  • Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
  • Can become latent following primary infection
  • Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
  • Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
  • Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
  • May contribute to Enzootic pneumonia of calves
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