Difference between revisions of "Canine Parvovirus"

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== Introduction ==
 
  
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Until 1978 Parvovirus enteritis was totally unknown in dogs - it was first seen in dogs in Australia where it appeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the [[Feline Panleucopenia|disease seen in the cat]]. Research revealed a new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus; viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus. Clinically, the virus causes enteritis mainly affecting the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] in young dogs over 6 weeks old and [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]] in puppies. The virus is transmitted orally. Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives for a protracted time in the environment.
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====Antigenicity====
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*2 Canine Viruses:
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**Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population
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**Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's
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*Antigenic variants occur
  
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====Hosts====
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*Dogs
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*CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats
  
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== Antigenicity ==
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====Pathogenesis====
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*Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia'''
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*2 distinct syndromes:
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#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks
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#*Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium
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#*Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome
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#*Now rare due to widespread passive immunity
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#'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age
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#*Virus targets intestinal crypts
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#*Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells
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#*Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis
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#*High morbidity, low mortality (10%)
  
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Two canine viruses have been identified, these are:
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====Epidemiology====
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*Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine population
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*'''Orofecal''' transmission
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*Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970's. Antigenic variants do naturally occur.
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*Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids
  
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== Pathogenesis ==
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====Diagnosis====
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*HA or ELISA for virus
  
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Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viraemia'''. Subsequently there are two distinct syndromes depending on the age of the animal:
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====Control====
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*Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis. With first vaccination at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks.
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*Thorough disinfection after disease
  
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#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity.
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==Parvovirus Enteritis==
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#'''Enteritis''' in puppies 6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of crypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or [[Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic|hemorrhagic enteritis]]. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate.
 
  
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== Diagnosis ==
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===Canine Disease===
  
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Often the clinical signs plus history, signalment and lack of vaccination is very indicative of the virus. [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination]] or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] should be performed to confirm viral infection. Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test. [[Immunofluorescence]] and serology can also be used to diagnose this disease.  
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* Until 1978 Parvovirus enteriris was totally unknown in dogs. 
 +
* First seen in dogs in Australia.
 +
** Apeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the disease seen in the cat.
 +
** A new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus.  
 +
*** Viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus.
 +
** The canine virus does NOT cause disease in cats.
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* '''Clinical'''
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** Causes enteritis in young dogs over 6 weeks old.
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** Causes myocarditis in puppies.
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** Mainly affects the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
 +
* Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives in the environment.
 +
* Diagnosis:
 +
** Look for viral antigen in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test.
 +
** Immunoflurescence.
 +
** ELISA.
 +
** Serology.
  
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[[Category:Parvoviridae]][[Category:Dog]]
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== Treatment and Control ==
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
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In an outbreak, affected dogs need to be kept isolated. Supportive care needs to be given such as intravenous [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]]. [[Antibiotics]] are sometimes given to protect against or treat any secondary bacterial infections that may ensue.
 
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Vaccination is widely available and is recommended for puppies. The vaccine is given in combination with [[Distemper]], [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|Hepatitis]] and [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Parainfluenza viruses]]. First vaccine is given at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks of age. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00213.asp, Canine parvovirus]<br>
 
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[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01005.asp, CPV 1 - disease]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01007.asp, CPV 2 - disease)
 
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|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115250.pdf '''Canine parvovirus: an emerging, re-emerging, significant pathogen of dogs.''' Kapil, S.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 650-651, 3 ref.]
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company
 
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Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.
 
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Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition) Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins.
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dog_Viruses]] [[Category:Intestinal_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Enteritis, Viral]][[Category:Expert_Review]]
 

Revision as of 22:47, 26 June 2010


 This article is still under construction.


Antigenicity

  • 2 Canine Viruses:
    • Canine Parvovirus 1 (CPV1): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population
    • Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV2): new virus emerged in the late 1970's
  • Antigenic variants occur

Hosts

  • Dogs
  • CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats

Pathogenesis

  • Oropharyngeal infection followed by viremia
  • 2 distinct syndromes:
  1. Myocarditis in puppies aged 3-8 weeks
    • Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium
    • Sudden death, fading puppy syndrome
    • Now rare due to widespread passive immunity
  2. Enteritis in puppies >8 weeks of age
    • Virus targets intestinal crypts
    • Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells
    • Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis
    • High morbidity, low mortality (10%)

Epidemiology

  • Orofecal transmission
  • Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids

Diagnosis

  • HA or ELISA for virus

Control

  • Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis. With first vaccination at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks.
  • Thorough disinfection after disease

Parvovirus Enteritis

Canine Disease

  • Until 1978 Parvovirus enteriris was totally unknown in dogs.
  • First seen in dogs in Australia.
    • Apeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the disease seen in the cat.
    • A new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus.
      • Viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus.
    • The canine virus does NOT cause disease in cats.
  • Clinical
    • Causes enteritis in young dogs over 6 weeks old.
    • Causes myocarditis in puppies.
    • Mainly affects the small intestine.
  • Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives in the environment.
  • Diagnosis:
    • Look for viral antigen in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test.
    • Immunoflurescence.
    • ELISA.
    • Serology.
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