Difference between revisions of "Feline Herpesvirus 1"

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== Introduction  ==
 
  
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Feline Herpes virus ('''FHV-1''') causes an upper respiratory tract infection: '''Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis'''.
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rarely causes skin infections
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====Pathogenesis====
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*Upper respiratory tract infection: [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Feline viral rhinotracheitis|Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis]]
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**Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex
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** The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''
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**All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
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***Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
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***C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
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**Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
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**Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days
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**FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress: Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
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**Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection
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*Erosions can affect the bronchi, resulting in '''interstitial pneumonia'''
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*Most common cause of '''keratitis''' and '''corneal ulcers''' in cat and '''gummy eyes''' in kittens
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**Rupture is a particular risk
  
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Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex, with the most frequent aetiologic agent being FHV-1, and less frequently [[Feline Calicivirus|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''. All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium. Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis and ''C. felis'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis. All three together will result in the disease complex 'cat flu'.
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====Epidemiology====
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*Widespread
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*Serious infection
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*Latent infection can be reactivated on boarding
  
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Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepithelial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs. Resolution of these clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days, however, FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. It can infect the cornea - ulcerative keratitis. FHV- 1 is the most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cats and gummy eyes in kittens.
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====Diagnosis====
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*'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation
  
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Occasional mortality can occur in the kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infections.
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====Treatment====
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For keratitis with corneal ulcers:
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*Subcut omega interferon
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*Topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes
  
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The virus is widespread and common. It can cause serious infections as well as latent infections which can be reactivated on boarding or at other periods of stress.
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====Control====
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*Killed and live '''vaccines''' are available
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**Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK
  
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== Clinical Signs  ==
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===Feline viral rhinotracheitis===
  
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Upper respiratory tract signs such as [[rhinitis]], [[tracheitis]] and [[sinusitis]] as well as keratitis and [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|corneal ulcers]]. The corneal ulcers intially have a '''dendritic''' appearence, which is considered pathognomic. In combination with other agents, will cause 'cat flu' which will include sneezing, coughing, gummy eyes, nasal discharge, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis.
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*Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]
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*Tends to be more [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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*Feline herpesvirus -1
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**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is [[Herpesviridae|FHV-1]], and less frequently [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]'' (NB: previously called ''Chlamydia psittaci'' var felis)
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*All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
 +
*Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
 +
*''C.psittaci'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
 +
*Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusion bodies]]
 +
*Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
 +
*FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
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*Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
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*Mortality may be high in young kittens, debilitated and immune-suppressed animals, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.
  
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== Diagnosis  ==
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[[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]][[Category:Cat]]
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Clinical signs and history are usually used as a presumptive diagnosis prior to definitive diagnosis via laboratory tests.
 
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'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation, plus a swab of the eye.
 
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== Treatment  ==
 
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For keratitis with corneal ulcers treat with subcutaneous omega interferon and give topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes.
 
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== Control  ==
 
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Killed and live '''[[vaccines]]''' are available. Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK.
 
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== References  ==
 
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Bridger, J and Ruseel, P, (2007) Virology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College
 
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Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition), W.B. Saunders Company
 
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Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2), W.B. Saunders Company
 
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Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial
 
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{{Learning
 
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|powerpoints = [[E-Lecture:Feline Herpesvirus-1]]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60212 Feline herpesvirus disease]
 
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}}
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Herpesviridae]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]] [[Category:Cat_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 
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[[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]]
 

Revision as of 10:55, 30 June 2010


 This article is still under construction.


rarely causes skin infections

Pathogenesis

  • Upper respiratory tract infection: Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
    • Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex
    • The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or Chlamydophila psittaci
    • All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
      • Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
      • C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
    • Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
    • Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days
    • FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress: Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
    • Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection
  • Erosions can affect the bronchi, resulting in interstitial pneumonia
  • Most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cat and gummy eyes in kittens
    • Rupture is a particular risk

Epidemiology

  • Widespread
  • Serious infection
  • Latent infection can be reactivated on boarding

Diagnosis

  • Nasal swabs on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation

Treatment

For keratitis with corneal ulcers:

  • Subcut omega interferon
  • Topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes

Control

  • Killed and live vaccines are available
    • Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

  • Caused by a herpesvirus
  • Tends to be more rhinitis than tracheitis, may extend to sinusitis
  • Feline herpesvirus -1
    • One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
  • All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
  • Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
  • C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
  • Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies
  • Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
  • FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
  • Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
  • Mortality may be high in young kittens, debilitated and immune-suppressed animals, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.
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