Difference between revisions of "Fusobacterium necrophorum"

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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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*Characteristics:
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{{Taxobox
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**Normal inhabitant of mammalian gut; cannot invade normal tissue
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|name              =''Fusobacterium necrophorum''
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**Pleimorphic - long and filamentous or short cocci
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|phylum            =Fusobacteria
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**Fermentative
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|class              =Fusobacteria
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**Haemolytic on blood agar
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|order              =Fusobacteriales
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**Grey, round, shiny colonies
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|family            =Fusobacteriaceae
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**Three biotypes: biotype A has greatest haemolytic activity and virulence
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|genus              =Fusobacterium
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*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
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|species            =''F.necrophorum''
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**Primary pathogen in various diseases of farm animals
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}}
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**Mixed bacterial infections
 +
**Can be secondary to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]
 +
**Extracellular haemolysin contributes to infection
 +
**Heat-stable leucocidin - correlated with biotype and virulence
 +
**Cytoplasmic toxin - haemolytic
 +
**LPS endotoxin causes host damage
 +
**Antibodiy levels rise with age, suggesting that these are not protective
 +
*[[Calf Diphtheria|Calf diphtheria]]/necrotic laryngitis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]]:
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**Necrobacillosis of mouth and pharynx of young calves
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**Pharyngitis and [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|laryngitis]]
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**Associated with bucket feeding where buckets are contaminated with faeces
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**Bacteria enter through abrasions in the mucosa of the pharynx and larynx
 +
**Fever, depression, anorexia, salivation, respiratory distress and halitosis
 +
**Aspiration of necrotic material into lungs may cause fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of neumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
 +
**Treatment: potentiated sulphonamides or tetracyclines
 +
*Bovine liver abscesses:
 +
**Sudden change in diet to a high grain diet causes ruminal acidosis and rumenitis
 +
**Ulceration of rumenal mucosa and colonisation by ''F. necrophorum'' and [[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
 +
**Emboli carry organisms to the liver via the portal vein
 +
**Focal necrosis and abscess formation in liver
 +
**Putrid smell
 +
**Rarely show clinical signs
 +
**Management important
 +
*Necrotic rhinitis of pigs:
 +
**Sporadic condition in young pigs
 +
**Suppuration and necrosis of snout
 +
**''F. necrophorum'' and other organisms enter through abrasions in snout mucosa
 +
**Facial swelling, sneezing, putri nasal discharge
 +
**Chronic infection - faical deformity
 +
**Treat with potentiated sulphonamides
 +
**Occasional pharyngitis/laryngitis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Pigs|in pigs]]
 +
*Thrush of the hoof:
 +
**Necrosis of horse hoof associated with poor hygiene, wet conditions
 +
**''F. necrophorum'' secondary to hoof damage causes localised inflammatory response
 +
**Thrush especially of hind feet, with putrid discharge in sulci
 +
**Provide dry, clean bedding
 +
*Black spot of bovine teats
 +
**Localised necrosis and scab formation of teat orifice and sphincter of dairy cows due to ''F. necrophorum''
 +
**May predispose to mastitis
 +
*Necrotic wound infections often in association with facultative anaerobes
 +
*Interdigital dermatitis ([[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial pododermatitis|pododermatitis]]) in sheep in association with ''D. nodosus'' and [[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']], predisposing to footrot
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*Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Laryngeal chondritis|laryngeal chondritis]] in sheep
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*Mixed infections in heel abscesses in sheep
 +
*Mixed infections in [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
 +
*Mixed infections in aspiration pneumonia and in bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis and pericarditis
 +
*Involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous abscesses|subcutaneous abscesses]] due to cat bites
 +
*May be involved in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic rhinitis|chronic fibronecrotic rhinitis]]
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*[[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteitis|Osteitis]]
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[[Contagious Footrot]]
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[[Necrobacillosis]]
  
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''F.necrophorum'' is a pathogenic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacteria; it is a normal inhabitant of the mammalian gut and cannot invade normal tissue.
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[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Pig]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Sheep]]
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[[Category:Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gram-negative ]]
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==Characteristics==
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
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''F.necrophorum'' is pleimorphic and is either long and filamentous or a short cocci. It is fermentative and haemolytic on blood agar. It produces grey, round and shiny colonies. There are three biotypes, biotype A has the greatest haemolytic activity and virulence.
 
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==Pathogenesis and pathogenicity==
 
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''F.necrophorum'' is a primary pathogen in various diseases of farm animals. It forms mixed bacterial infections and can be secondary to [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|IBR]].
 
−
Extracellular haemolysin contributes to infection and heat-stable leucocidin is correlated with biotype and virulence. Cytoplasmic toxin is haemolytic and LPS endotoxin causes host damage.
 
−
Antibody levels to ''F.necrophorum'' rise with age, suggesting that these are not protective.
 
−
 
 
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''F.necrophorum'' is associated with bucket feeding, where buckets are contaminated with faeces. Bacteria enter through abrasions in the mucosa of the pharynx and larynx and cause fever, depression, anorexia, salivation, respiratory distress and halitosis. Aspiration of necrotic material into lungs may cause fatal [[Pneumonia Overview#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]].
 
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''F.necrophorum'' causes a number of necrotic wound infections often in association with facultative anaerobes.
 
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It causes;
 
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'''Cows''': [[Calf Diphtheria|calf diphtheria]] or necrotic laryngitis in cattle and necrobacillosis of the mouth and pharynx of young calves. Also, bovine liver abscesses and localised necrosis and scab formation of the teat orifice and sphincter of dairy cows.
 
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'''Pigs''': [[necrotic rhinitis]] in pigs.
 
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'''Sheep''': interdigital dermatitis, ([[Bacterial Pododermatitis|pododermatitis]]) in sheep in association with ''D. nodosus'' and [[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']], predisposing to [[Contagious Footrot|footrot]]. It also causes [[Laryngeal Chondritis|laryngeal chondritis]] in sheep and mixed infections in heel abscesses.
 
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''F.necrophorum'' is also involved in; [[Thrush - Hoof|hoof thrush]]; Mixed infections in [[Pyothorax|pyothorax]]; mixed infections in aspiration pneumonia and in bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis and pericarditis; [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous abscesses|subcutaneous abscesses]] due to cat bites; [[Rhinitis#Chronic rhinitis|chronic fibronecrotic rhinitis]]; [[Osteitis|osteitis]]; [[Contagious Footrot|contagious footrot]]; [[Necrobacillosis|necrobacillosis]] and [[Laryngeal Chondritis|laryngeal chondritis]].
 
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==Treatment==
 
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Treatment against ''F.necrophorum'' includes potentiated sulphonamides or tetracyclines.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Fusobacterium+necrophorum%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=57&y=9&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'' publications]
 
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}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Gram Negative Anaerobic Bacteria]]
 
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
 

Revision as of 11:18, 30 June 2010

  • Characteristics:
    • Normal inhabitant of mammalian gut; cannot invade normal tissue
    • Pleimorphic - long and filamentous or short cocci
    • Fermentative
    • Haemolytic on blood agar
    • Grey, round, shiny colonies
    • Three biotypes: biotype A has greatest haemolytic activity and virulence
  • Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
    • Primary pathogen in various diseases of farm animals
    • Mixed bacterial infections
    • Can be secondary to IBR
    • Extracellular haemolysin contributes to infection
    • Heat-stable leucocidin - correlated with biotype and virulence
    • Cytoplasmic toxin - haemolytic
    • LPS endotoxin causes host damage
    • Antibodiy levels rise with age, suggesting that these are not protective
  • Calf diphtheria/necrotic laryngitis in cattle:
    • Necrobacillosis of mouth and pharynx of young calves
    • Pharyngitis and laryngitis
    • Associated with bucket feeding where buckets are contaminated with faeces
    • Bacteria enter through abrasions in the mucosa of the pharynx and larynx
    • Fever, depression, anorexia, salivation, respiratory distress and halitosis
    • Aspiration of necrotic material into lungs may cause fatal bronchopneumonia
    • Treatment: potentiated sulphonamides or tetracyclines
  • Bovine liver abscesses:
    • Sudden change in diet to a high grain diet causes ruminal acidosis and rumenitis
    • Ulceration of rumenal mucosa and colonisation by F. necrophorum and Arcanobacter pyogenes
    • Emboli carry organisms to the liver via the portal vein
    • Focal necrosis and abscess formation in liver
    • Putrid smell
    • Rarely show clinical signs
    • Management important
  • Necrotic rhinitis of pigs:
    • Sporadic condition in young pigs
    • Suppuration and necrosis of snout
    • F. necrophorum and other organisms enter through abrasions in snout mucosa
    • Facial swelling, sneezing, putri nasal discharge
    • Chronic infection - faical deformity
    • Treat with potentiated sulphonamides
    • Occasional pharyngitis/laryngitis in pigs
  • Thrush of the hoof:
    • Necrosis of horse hoof associated with poor hygiene, wet conditions
    • F. necrophorum secondary to hoof damage causes localised inflammatory response
    • Thrush especially of hind feet, with putrid discharge in sulci
    • Provide dry, clean bedding
  • Black spot of bovine teats
    • Localised necrosis and scab formation of teat orifice and sphincter of dairy cows due to F. necrophorum
    • May predispose to mastitis
  • Necrotic wound infections often in association with facultative anaerobes
  • Interdigital dermatitis (pododermatitis) in sheep in association with D. nodosus and Arcanobacter pyogenes, predisposing to footrot
  • Causes laryngeal chondritis in sheep
  • Mixed infections in heel abscesses in sheep
  • Mixed infections in pyothorax
  • Mixed infections in aspiration pneumonia and in bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis and pericarditis
  • Involved in subcutaneous abscesses due to cat bites
  • May be involved in chronic fibronecrotic rhinitis
  • Osteitis

Contagious Footrot Necrobacillosis

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