Difference between revisions of "Inclusion Body Rhinitis"

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===Inclusion body rhinitis===
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{{Podcasts
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[[Image:Inclusion body rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Inclusion body rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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|link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/inclusion-body-rhinitis
 
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}}
 
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Also Known As: '''''IBR — Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease'''''
 
  
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Caused By: '''''Porcine Cytomegalovirus — Suid Herpesvirus 2 — SHV-2 — Inclusion Body Rhinitis Virus — Pig Cytomegalovirus — IBRV — PCMV''
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*[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']]
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*Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
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*Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
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*May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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*Morbitity high, mortality low
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*Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
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*Histology:
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**Large basophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intranuclear inclusion bodies]] in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
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**Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
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*Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium
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**Usually younger piglets, can die during this phase
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*Usually resolves if uncomplicated but rhinitis may persist if secondary infection is present
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*May persist in pulmonary macrophages
  
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==Introduction==
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[[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:Pig]][[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
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[[File:Cytomegalovirus infection.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cytomegalovirus infection histology - note basophilic nuclear inclusion bodies and peri-nuclear halo. Wikimedia Commons]]
 
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Porcine Cytomegalovirus is a '''[[Herpesviridae |herpesvirus]]''' causing '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis''' in pigs.
 
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PCMV may pose a risk to humans through '''transplanted organs''' and this is currently being researched. It is not currently considered a zoonosis due to its host range being highly restricted to only the pig.
 
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==Epidemiology==
 
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'''Global'''. No country has established freedom from or eradication of disease. Prevalence of infected herds and infected pigs within a herd is very high albeit with a low incidence of clinical disease.
 
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PCMV can cross the placenta facilitating '''vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission''' between infected pigs is also important.
 
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==Signalment==
 
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Clinical signs are largely restricted to piglets '''under 3 weeks of age'''. They can be infected in utero or as neonates.
 
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==Clinical Signs==
 
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Respiratory signs:
 
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<br>'''Rhinitis is most common, causing snuffling, sneezing, coughing, production of purulent/catarrhal discharge, increased lacrimation, conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, epistaxis, dyspnoea.'''
 
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<br>'''Pneumonia''' may occur.
 
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Anorexia, anaemia,  lethargy, pyrexia and sudden death may all be noted.
 
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'''Reproductive failure''' caused by PCMV is characterised by '''abortion, mummified piglets and birth of stillborn''', weak or stunted pigs. Ulcers and erosions may form on the external genitalia. Sows may develop agalactia.
 
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Gastrointestinal and neurological signs can also develop.
 
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In common with all herpesviruses, PCMV can become '''latent and recrudesce with stress.'''
 
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==Diagnosis==
 
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Diagnosis is often based by the observation of mummified or weak litters along with signs of rhinitis and respiratory disease on a unit.
 
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'''Black discolouration around the eyes''' due to conjunctival exudate is also suggestive.
 
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'''Antigen''' can be detected serologically by [[FAT|'''fluorescent antibody test (FAT)]].'''
 
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'''Antibody''' can be detected by '''Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''
 
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'''PCR''' tests for PCMV have now also been developed and are very sensitive.
 
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On '''post-mortem''', petechiation of the heart, kidneys, intestine, lungs, lymph nodes and meninges is seen in neonatal and foetal pigs. Pulmonary congestion is marked and the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are dramatically enlarged. Ventral aspects of lung lobes are often '''discoloured purple'''. The nasal mucosa is congested with a mucoid exudate.
 
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Histologically, large '''basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies are present in the mucosal epithelial cells''' of the turbinates, salivary glands and kidney tissues.
 
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Electron microscopy can also be used for the same purpose.
 
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Smears from the nasal mucosa of pigs at slaughter can also be used to identify inclusion bodies.
 
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==Treatment==
 
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Natural outbreaks often resolve without intervention.
 
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==Control==
 
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No vaccine has been developed for PCMV.
 
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'''Reducing stress''' especially when new stock is introduced and minimising the mixing of litters may reduce severity and frequency.
 
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No national control schemes are in place.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus Flashcards]]
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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<references/>
 
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{{CABI source
 
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=79245&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 inclusion body rhinitis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=62346 suid herpesvirus 2]
 
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|date =16 June 2011
 
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}}
 
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<br><br>
 
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{{Mandy Nevel
 
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|date = 09 September 2011}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 
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[[Category:Pig Viruses]]
 
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]]
 
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[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
 

Revision as of 12:17, 30 June 2010

Inclusion body rhinitis

Inclusion body rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus
  • Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
  • Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute rhinitis (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
  • May progress to sinusitis, otitis media or pneumonia
  • Morbitity high, mortality low
  • Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
  • Histology:
    • Large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
    • Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
  • Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium
    • Usually younger piglets, can die during this phase
  • Usually resolves if uncomplicated but rhinitis may persist if secondary infection is present
  • May persist in pulmonary macrophages
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