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| − | Also known as: '''''Equine viral encephalomyelitis — Equine viral encephalitides — Equine viral encephalomyelitides'''''
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| − | ==Introduction== | + | ====Pathogenesis==== |
| − | Viral diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of equidae causing encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Most commonly involves [[Equine Togaviral Encephalitis]].
| + | *Viremia |
| | + | *CNS replication within a week, causing: |
| | + | **Paralysis of the lips |
| | + | **Drooping eyelids |
| | + | **Incoordination |
| | + | *Often '''fatal''' |
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| − | ==Aetiology== | + | ====Epidemiology==== |
| − | Infection with any of the following viruses can cause CNS disease in horses:
| + | *Transfer via '''vector''': mostly through '''mosquito salivary transfer''' |
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| − | Family Bornaviridae, Genus ''Bornavirus''
| + | ====Diagnosis==== |
| − | *Borna Disease Virus | + | *Clinical signs |
| − | Family Bunyaviridae, Genus ''Bunyamweravirus''
| + | *Virus isolation can be performed from blood or spinal fluid |
| − | *Cache Valley Virus
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| − | Family Bunyaviridae, Genus ''Orthobunyavirus''
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| − | *California Encephalitis viruses <ref>Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref>
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| − | **Snowshoe Hare Virus
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| − | **Jamestown Canyon Virus
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| − | *Main Drain Virus
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| − | Family [[:Category:Flaviviridae|Flaviviridae]], Genus [[:Category:Flaviviruses|''Flavivirus'']]
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| − | *[[Japanese Encephalitis Virus]]
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| − | *Kunjin Virus
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| − | *[[Louping Ill|Louping Ill Virus]]
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| − | *Murray Valley Virus
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| − | *Powassan virus
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| − | *St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
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| − | *[[West Nile Virus|West Nile Virus (WNV) **]]
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| − | Family [[:Category:Paramyxoviridae|Paramyxoviridae]], Genus ''Henipavirus''
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| − | *[[Nipah Virus]]
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| − | Family [[:Category:Rhabdoviridae|Rhabdoviridae]], Genus ''Lyssavirus''
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| − | *[[Rabies]] Virus
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| − | Family [[:Category:Reoviridae|Reoviridae]], Genus ''Orbivirus''
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| − | *Equine Encephalosis Virus
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| − | [[:Category:Togaviridae|Family Togaviridae]], Genus [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|''Alphavirus'']]
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| − | *Aura Virus
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| − | *Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEV) **
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| − | *Western EEV **
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| − | *Venezuelan EEV **
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| − | *Highlands J Virus
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| − | *Getah Virus
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| − | *Semliki Forest Virus
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| − | *Ross River Virus
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| − | *Una Virus | |
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| − | Other viruses implicated in equine encephalitis:
| + | ====Control==== |
| − | *Maguari Virus<ref>Calisher, C.H, Monath, T.P, Sabattini, M.S, Mitchell, C.J, Lazuick, J.S, Tesh, R.B, Cropp, C.B (1987) A newly recognised vesiculovirus, Calchaqui virus, and subtypes of Melao and Maguari viruses from Argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans and horses, ''Am J Trop Med Hyg'', 36:114-119. In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref> | + | *Annual '''vaccination''' |
| | + | *Vector control |
| | + | *Human vaccination recommended for vets in endemic areas |
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| − | ==Legislation==
| + | '''[[Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) - Donkey|VEE in Donkeys]]''' |
| − | Diseases caused by some of the viruses listed above (**) are subject to The Infectious Diseases of Horses Order 1987. "''The Order, which revoked and replaced earlier legislation, makes these diseases compulsorily notifiable: it gives an inspector powers to declare an infected place where disease is suspected; to carry out a veterinary inquiry, prohibits the movement of horses carcases and other things onto or off the premises and requires cleansing and disinfection''". Council Directive 90/426 describes all cases of equine encephalomyelitis (regardless of cause) as compulsorily notifiable to the EU.<ref>http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/viralenceph/index.htm</ref>
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| − | {{Learning
| + | [[Category:Togaviridae]] |
| − | |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053177514.pdf ''' Update on viral encephalitis, encephalomyelitis and myeloencephalopathy.''' Traub-Dargatz, J.; Eastern States Veterinary Association, Gainesville, USA, Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Large animal. Volume 19, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 January, 2005, 2005, pp 274-278, 10 ref.]
| + | [[Category:Horse]] |
| − | }}
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]] |
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| − | ==References==
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Nina]] |
| − | <references/>
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Expert_Review]] | |
| − | [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]]
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