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| − | Also Known As: '''''Ram Epididymitis''''' — '''''Orchitis''''' — '''''Ovine Contagious Epididymitis''''' — '''''Brucella ovis Epididymitis'''''.
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| − | Caused By: ''[[Brucella ovis]]'' and ''[[Brucella melitensis]]''
| + | *Caprine and ovine brucellosis: |
| − | | + | **Caused by [[Brucella melitensis|''B. melitensis'']] |
| − | ==Introduction==
| + | **Goats more susceptible |
| − | Ovine brucellosis causes '''reproductive''' disease in sheep, mainly in '''rams'''.
| + | **Abortion, orchitis in males, arthritis, hygromas |
| − | | + | **May not have protective immunity following abortion |
| − | ''B. ovis'' is the least virulent of all the [[Brucella species|''Brucella'' species]].
| + | **Rose Bengal agglutination test and complement fixation test |
| − | | + | **Test and slaughter where exotic[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]] |
| − | The disease is on List B of the ''Office International des Epizooties'' [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
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| − | It is therefore '''notifiable''' to the OIE.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | The disease is unique to sheep.
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Present in all countries where sheep are intensively farmed. It is transmitted mainly through '''semen''' but shedding is unreliable.
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| − | Ewes can also act as indirect vectors for brucellosis if they mate with both an infected and uninfected ram during the same oestrus cycle.
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| − | Abortion materials and vaginal discharge also contain [[Brucella species |''Brucella'']] organisms
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| − | Brucellosis is not considered zoonotic.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | '''Epididymitis''' in rams with '''swelling''' and enlargement of [[Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology |'''testes''']], scrotum, [[Penis - Anatomy & Physiology |'''penis''']] and prepuce. Decreased reproductive performance will be noticed due to '''impaired [[Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology |spermatogenesis]]'''.
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| − | Testicular '''atrophy''' occurs in chronic infections.
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| − | Occasionally also '''abortion''' in ewes and weak lambs. This only occurs due to placental necrosis in ewes exposed in the first two trimesters of pregnancy.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Palpation of the testes is suggestive but not definitive.
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| − | Specific '''immunofluorescent''' staining of semen smears is confirmatory.
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| − | ''Brucella'' organisms can also be '''isolated''' from the epididymis and accessory sex glands at necropsy, although excretion is intermittent so false negatives are not uncommon.
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| − | [[ELISA testing |'''ELISA''']] and '''Complement Fixation''' are also commonly used for serological diagnosis.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | '''Antibiotic''' therapy is very expensive, prolonged and ineffective.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | '''Testing and culling''' of breeding stock is essential to ensure carriers are not present within a flock.
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| − | Vaccination is available against both ''Brucella'' species, but ''B. ovis'' vaccines are only widely used in New Zealand.
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| − | Any vaccination will interfere wih serological diagnosis and this should be considered.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Ovine+Brucellosis%29/ Ovine Brucellosis Publications]
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| − | |flashcards = [[Ovine Brucellosis Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=90731&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 brucellosis (''Brucella ovis'')]
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| − | |date =6 June 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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| − | [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Reproductive System - Pathology]]
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