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| | {{Taxobox | | {{Taxobox |
| | |name =Capillaria spp. | | |name =Capillaria spp. |
| | |kingdom =Animalia | | |kingdom =Animalia |
| − | |phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]] | + | |phylum =Nematoda |
| | |class =Adenophorea | | |class =Adenophorea |
| | |sub-class =Enoplia | | |sub-class =Enoplia |
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| | |super-family =Trichuroidea | | |super-family =Trichuroidea |
| | |family =Trichinellidae | | |family =Trichinellidae |
| − | |sub-family =[[:Category:Trichilelloidea|Trichinelloidea]] | + | |sub-family = |
| | |genus =Capillaria | | |genus =Capillaria |
| | |species =Many | | |species =Many |
| − | }} [[Image:Capilaria.jpg|thumb|right|150px]]
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| − | == Overview ==
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| − | ''Capillaria spp.'' are similar to other members of the Trichuroidea superfamily such as ''Trichuris'' but with slight differences in morphology of the anterior and posterior ends. Although they are found in domestic mammals and some reptiles these species are of '''greatest importance in birds'''. The predilection sites vary between species and are not restricted to the gastrointestinal system. Important species include; ''C. annulata'', ''C. anatis'' and ''C. contorta''.
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| − | == Identification ==
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| − | Capillaria are extremely '''thin, filamentous worms''' measuring 15-25mm long (males) and 35-80mm long (females). Males have a single spicule and many have a primitive bursa like structure. The eggs have '''bipolar plugs''' and thick shells, the size can vary between species.
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| − | == Important Species ==
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| − | === ''C. annulata'' ===
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| − | Also know as: '''''Eucoleus annulata — Hairworms — Threadworms'''''
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| − | This species affects many species of '''wild birds''' as well as domesticated '''poultry, turkeys and ducks'''. Adult worms are thin. The females are around 37-80mm in length, and considerably longer than the male. The eggs have bipolar plugs.
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| − | The '''earthworm''' is the intermediate host for this species, making the life cycle indirect. The eggs are passed in the host faeces, and are quickly ingested by the intermediate host, in this case the earthworm. The larvae develop and mature into infective larvae. The definitive host then ingest the earthworms, and become infected themselves, where the larvae develop into adults.
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| − | '''Young birds''' are more susceptible to the disease. Immune adults may be carriers. The predeliction site for this worm is the '''oesophagus''' of the bird where it will bury the anterior end into the mucosa causing inflammation. High levels can result in marked thickening of the oesophageal wall and can be fatal. The presence of these worms in low numbers may be a cause of ill thrift in production birds, though in high number emaciation can be seen.
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| − | === ''C. contorta'' ===
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| − | Also known as: '''''Eucoleus contorta'''''
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| − | As with ''C. annulata'' this species is found in the '''oesophagus and crop''' of domestic poultry and many wild birds. Both the adults and the eggs of this species are smaller in size but the general morphology remains the same. The '''earthworm''' is normally the intermediate host but it is possible for this species to have a '''direct life cycle''' with the L1 embryonated egg as the infective stage. Clinical signs are rare with low levels of infection though they can be associated with a loss in productivity, high parasite burdens will result in emaciation and anaemia and can be fatal. The primary epidemiological concern with this parasite is its ability to have a direct life cycle and so birds kept indoors and away from the intermediate host may still become infected.
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| − | === ''C. anatis'' ===
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| − | Also know as: '''''Capillaria brevicollis — Capillaria colaris — Capillaria anseris — Capillary mergi
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| − | ''Capillaria anatis'' affects chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese. The adults are filamentous worms and the females are around 30mm in length, and larger than the males. The eggs are colourless and have a thick outer shell.
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| − | THe life cycle is '''direct'''. L1 develop within the egg. The host is infected through ingestion, and develop into adults. The prepatent period is 3-4 weeks.
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| − | === ''C. obsignata'' ===
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| − | Also known as: '''''Baruscapillaria obsignata — Capillaria columbae'''''
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| − | The hosts are chickens, pigeons, turkeys and wilds birds. The worms are of similar appearance to ''C. annulata'', but the adults are slightly smaller at around 10mm in length.
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| − | The life cycle is '''direct'''. Infection of the host is through ingestion of infective eggs. The eggs then develop into fully reproductive adults within the host, and do not require a migratory phase. The prepatent period is 3 weeks.
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| − | === ''C. caudinflata'' ===
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| − | Also known as: '''''Aonchotheca caudinflata'''''
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| − | Definitive hosts are chickens, turkeys, geese, pigeons and wild birds. Worms are morphologically very similar to C. annulata. Females are around 25mm in length, and males around 10mm in length.
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| − | '''Earthworms''' are intermediate hosts, and the life cycle is '''indirect'''.
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| − | === ''C. aerophila'' ===
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| − | ''Capillaria aerophila'' is associated with [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria_aerophila|respiratory disease]] of '''cats and dogs'''. The worm can be found in the [[Rhinitis#Infectious_causes_of_rhinitis|nasal passages]], [[Sinusitis|sinuses]], [[Tracheitis#Infectious_causes_of_traacheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchitis#Infectious_causes_of_bronchitis_or_bronchiolitis|bronchi]]. The presence of the worms causes a mild catarrhal inflammation and can cause coughing in dogs but not in all cases. In heavy infestation may cause obstruction of the lumen of airways and may develop into secondary [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Young birds exhibit the most serious clinical signs, including: '''weight loss''', '''diarrhoea''', regurgitation, anaemia and oral necrotic plaques.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | '''Faecal flotation''' can be carried out to identify the typical barrel-shaped eggs.
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| − | However, eggs laid within the gastrointestinal epithelium are only released into the lumen of the digestive tract when the epithelium sloughs. Therefore, severe clinical signs may be associated with negative or low faecal egg counts. Therefore diagnosis is usually made on '''necropsy examination''' of the oesophagus and intestines. The worms are small and must be looked for carefully in mucosal washings under a dissecting microscope.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Treatment can be challenging as Capillaria species often demonstrate '''multiple drug resistance'''. Fenbendazole, mebendazole and ivermectin have been used and efficacy of therapy should be checked through repeat faecal flotation tests.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 09]]
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=capillaria&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=47&y=14&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Capillaria'' publications since 2000]
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| − | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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| | }} | | }} |
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| − | ==References== | + | =Overview= |
| − | | + | [[Image:Capilaria.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Capillaria'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]] |
| − | Trees, A. (1987) '''Parasitic conditions in poultry 2: Helminths and arthropods''' ''In Practice''; 9:157-161
| + | ''Capillaria spp.'' are similar to other members of the Trichuroidea superfamily such as ''Trichuris'' but with slight differences in morphology of the anterior and posterior ends. Although they are found in domestic mammals these species are of greatest importance in birds. |
| − | | |
| − | Lloyd, C. (2003) '''Avian Practice: Control of nematode infections in captive birds''' ''In Practice''; 25:198-206
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| − | Saif, Y. (2003) '''Diseases of Poultry''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
| + | *Similar to ''Trichuris'', but the difference between anterior and posterior ends of the body is not so pronounced |
| | + | *Some species have direct life-cycles, others use intermediate or transport hosts |
| | + | *Species have different predilection sites |
| | + | *Of greatest importance in birds, although species do occur in the urinary bladder and liver of cats and dogs |
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| | + | =Identification= |
| | + | As with other |
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| − | {{review}}
| + | *''Capillaria aerophila'' in [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria aerophila|respiratory disease]] of cats and dogs[[Category:Trichinelloidea]] |
| | + | **In [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal passages]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinuses]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of traacheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] of cats and dogs |
| | + | **Some dogs cough but often no symptoms |
| | + | **Mild catharral inflammation |
| | + | **In heavy infestation may cause obstruction of the lumen of airways and may develop into secondary [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] |
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| − | ==Webinars==
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| − | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/parasitology/webinars/feed</rss>
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| − | [[Category:Trichinelloidea]] [[Category:Respiratory_Parasitic_Infections]] [[Category:Dog_Parasites]] [[Category:Cat_Nematodes]] [[Category:Avian_Nematodes]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Parasites]] | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]] |
| | + | [[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]][[Category:Dog]] |
| | + | [[Category:Cat]] |
| | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]] |
