Difference between revisions of "Haemonchosis - Sheep"

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=== Haemonchosis ===
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== Introduction  ==
 
  
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''[[Haemonchus contortus]]'' is a tropical and sub tropical parasite of the abomasum, that may cause problems in temperate regions. It is around 2 cm long and has a 'barbers pole' appearance. It is a blood-sucking nematode and hence, clinical signs may be quite severe. Together with ''[[Ostertagia]]'', ''[[Nematodirus]]'' and ''[[:Category:Trichostrongyloidea|Trichostrongylus]]'' it makes up the [[Parasitic Gastroenteritis|parasitic gastroenteritis]] complex in sheep.
 
  
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''Haemonchus'' has a high biotic potential and egg to L3 development occurs very fast in hot humid conditions. In '''tropical and sub-tropical areas''', disease outbreaks depend on local rainfall. The parasite survives prolonged dry periods by arrested development which is resumed just prior to rainy season e.g. Australia, Brazil, Middle East and Nigeria. Arrested development is less common in areas with more frequent rainfall e.g. East Africa. There are several cycles of infection annually.
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==== Epidemiology of Haemonchosis ====
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*''Haemonchus'' has a high biotic potential, egg to L3 development occurs very fast in hot humid conditions
  
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In '''temperate regions''', the ewe is the primary source of infection (relatively few L3 overwinter on pasture) and eggs hatch and develop to L3. Most L3 ingested by ewes and lambs in late summer become arrested (EL4, abomasal wall) to then resume development following spring and cause acute haemonchosis (epidemiology equivalent to type 2 [[Ostertagiosis and Trichostrongylosis - Sheep|ostertagiosis]]). A few L3 ingested by lambs do not become arrested and immediately cause acute haemonchosis (if sufficient L3 ingested; equivalent to Type 1 ostertagiosis). This is most likely to happen in hot thundery summer periods. There is normally only one cycle of infection annually in temperate areas.
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'''Tropical and Subtropical Areas'''
 +
*Disease outbreaks depend on local rainfall
 +
*Parasite survives prolonged dry periods by arrested development
 +
*Development resumed just prior to rainy season e.g. Australia, Brazil, Middle East and Nigeria
 +
*Arrested development less common in areas with more frequent rainfall e.g. East Africa
 +
*Several cycles of infection annually
  
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A moderate infection (2000 worms) leads to increased red blood cell turnover (from 4 months to 3 weeks) and a loss of haemoglobin and iron (normally recycled). Depleted iron reserves leading to [[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] and death.
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'''Temperate Areas''' (less favourable for ''Haemonchus'' L3 survival)
 +
*Ewe is primary source of infection (relatively few L3 overwinter on pasture)
 +
*Eggs hatch and develop to L3
 +
*Most L3 ingested by ewes and lambs in late summer become arrested (EL4, abomasal wall) → resume development following spring → acute haemonchosis (epidemiology equivalent to type 2 ostertagiosis)
 +
*A few L3 ingested by lambs do not become arrested → acute haemonchosis (if sufficient L3 ingested; equivalent to Type 1 ostertagiosis)
 +
*This is most likely to happen in hot thundery summer periods
 +
*Normally, only one cycle of infection annually
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
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==== Pathogenesis of Haemonchosis ====
 +
*Moderate infection (2000 worms) leads to
 +
**Increased red blood cell turnover (from 4 months to 3 weeks)
 +
**Loss of haemoglobin and iron (normally recycled)
 +
**Depleted iron reserves leading to anaemia and death
  
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There are three forms of Haemonchosis. The '''hyperacute''' form, occurs mainly in the tropics where the biotic potential is very high and worm burdens can suddenly become huge over a period of a few days. Signs in this form of the disease will include sudden death in apparently healthy sheep and severe anaemia. In temperate regions, an '''acute''' form can arise. This will consist of oedema, loss of condition, diarrhoea, lethargy and death. The sheep will also be anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic. The '''chronic''' form can arise over two months or so and signs will include progressive weight loss or reduced weight gain and diarrhoea and will appear similar to signs of poor nutrition.
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==== Forms of Haemonchosis ====
 +
*'''Hyperacute''' (0-7 days)
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**Sudden death in apparently healthy sheep;
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**Severe anaemia (tropics mainly)
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*'''Acute''' (1-6 weeks)
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**Oedema, loss of condition, lethargy, death
 +
**Anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia
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*'''Chronic''' (2+ months)
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**Progressive weight loss or reduced weight gain
 +
**Similar appearance to poor nutrition
  
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== Diagnosis ==
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==== Diagnosis of Haemonchosis ====
 +
*Clinical signs (anaemia)
 +
*Season
 +
*Faecal egg count (may be very high)
 +
*Low blood haemoglobin, PCV and red blood cell count
 +
*Elevated blood pepsinogen
 +
*Post-mortem examination:
 +
**>2000 adult worms
 +
**Numerous haemorrhagic lesions on gastric mucosa
 +
**Brown fluid in abomasum
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**Pale oedematous carcass
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**Expansion of red marrow from epiphysis into medullary cavity of long bones
  
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Clinical signs and time of year are characteristic of the disease.
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=== Control of Haemonchosis ===
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'''Temperate Areas'''
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*Dose ewes around lambing
  
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Blood tests may reveal anaemia (low blood haemoglobin, PCV and red blood cell count), elevated blood pepsinogen and hypoalbuminaemia, which would lead to a presumptive diagnosis as no other nematode of sheep is blood-sucking to that degree.
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'''Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas'''
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*Dose all stock every two to four weeks during the rainy season
  
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A faecal egg count to assess for presence of haemonchus eggs should be performed. If infection is present, this sample will probably be very high.
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'''Vaccine'''
 +
*Hidden antigen vaccine currently under development
  
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Post-mortem examination may reveal an extremely high proportion of adult worms (>2000 adult worms in some cases). There will also be numerous haemorrhagic lesions on gastric mucosa and there may be brown fluid in the abomasum. The carcasses of sheep that may have succumbed to the disease will appear pale and oedematous. There may be expansion of red marrow from epiphysis into medullary cavity of long bones.
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[[Category:Sheep_Nematodes]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]
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== Treatment and Control ==
 
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If infection is discovered, treat with an anthelmintic. Give electrolyte solution if diarrhoea is severe.
 
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'''Temperate Areas''': Dose ewes around lambing.
 
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'''Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas''': Dose all stock every two to four weeks during the rainy season.
 
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There is a hidden antigen vaccine currently under development.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Sheep Medicine Q&A 06]]
 
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[[Small Ruminant Nematodes Flashcards|Small Ruminant Nematodes Flashcards]]
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary''' (2nd Edition) ''Elsevier Science''
 
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Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) '''Parasitology Study Guide Part 2: Helminths '''''Royal Veterinary College''
 
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Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual '''(Eighth Edition) ''Merial''
 
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Gastric_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]
 

Revision as of 10:13, 30 July 2010

Haemonchosis

Epidemiology of Haemonchosis

  • Haemonchus has a high biotic potential, egg to L3 development occurs very fast in hot humid conditions

Tropical and Subtropical Areas

  • Disease outbreaks depend on local rainfall
  • Parasite survives prolonged dry periods by arrested development
  • Development resumed just prior to rainy season e.g. Australia, Brazil, Middle East and Nigeria
  • Arrested development less common in areas with more frequent rainfall e.g. East Africa
  • Several cycles of infection annually

Temperate Areas (less favourable for Haemonchus L3 survival)

  • Ewe is primary source of infection (relatively few L3 overwinter on pasture)
  • Eggs hatch and develop to L3
  • Most L3 ingested by ewes and lambs in late summer become arrested (EL4, abomasal wall) → resume development following spring → acute haemonchosis (epidemiology equivalent to type 2 ostertagiosis)
  • A few L3 ingested by lambs do not become arrested → acute haemonchosis (if sufficient L3 ingested; equivalent to Type 1 ostertagiosis)
  • This is most likely to happen in hot thundery summer periods
  • Normally, only one cycle of infection annually

Pathogenesis of Haemonchosis

  • Moderate infection (2000 worms) leads to
    • Increased red blood cell turnover (from 4 months to 3 weeks)
    • Loss of haemoglobin and iron (normally recycled)
    • Depleted iron reserves leading to anaemia and death

Forms of Haemonchosis

  • Hyperacute (0-7 days)
    • Sudden death in apparently healthy sheep;
    • Severe anaemia (tropics mainly)
  • Acute (1-6 weeks)
    • Oedema, loss of condition, lethargy, death
    • Anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia
  • Chronic (2+ months)
    • Progressive weight loss or reduced weight gain
    • Similar appearance to poor nutrition

Diagnosis of Haemonchosis

  • Clinical signs (anaemia)
  • Season
  • Faecal egg count (may be very high)
  • Low blood haemoglobin, PCV and red blood cell count
  • Elevated blood pepsinogen
  • Post-mortem examination:
    • >2000 adult worms
    • Numerous haemorrhagic lesions on gastric mucosa
    • Brown fluid in abomasum
    • Pale oedematous carcass
    • Expansion of red marrow from epiphysis into medullary cavity of long bones

Control of Haemonchosis

Temperate Areas

  • Dose ewes around lambing

Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas

  • Dose all stock every two to four weeks during the rainy season

Vaccine

  • Hidden antigen vaccine currently under development
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