Difference between revisions of "Bacillary Haemoglobinuria"

Revision as of 09:44, 4 August 2010

Also known as:

Red Water
Clostridium novyi Type D

Description

Adisease of cattle and sheep caused by Clostridium haemolyticum.which is a bacteria from the class clostridia. C. haemolyticum is found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures and is highly fatal to livestock. The bacteria produces a beta toxin and causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis. The disease is often associated with a disease in the liver causing anaerobic conditions allowing the groeth of bacteria and hence toxin production.

spores found routinely in liver and GIT and faeces of grazing animals in affected pastures
need disease in liver casing anaerobic conditions to allow bacterial growth and toxin production
normally associated with Liver Fluke damage
disease occurs in some areas and some farms - distribution is poorly understood

Clinical Signs

found dead/sudden death
- lateral recumbency
- bloat
- little signs of struggle
- blood in nostrils, mouth, rectum, vagina
IF seen alive
- depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexia, respiratory distress
- red urine (haemoglobinuria) but not consistent
- pale mucous membranes/jaundice
- bloody froth in nostrils

Gross

post mortem is confirmatory finding
rapid decomposition of carcass
- organs decomposed
subcutaneous hameorrhages, odema, emphysema
blood stained abdominal and thoracic fluid, large quantity and pericardium
animal is severely anaemic
may be jaundiced
red urine in bladder, therefore haemoglobin in urine
kidneys speckled with haemoglobin
blood in lungs/trachea
ischaemic hepatic infarct
- usually a single large necrotic focus in the liver
- area of necrosis, sometimes partially liquefied centre, irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge

Microscopically

presence of Clostridia post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders
FAT for organism
identification of toxins
- need this for diagnosis

Treatment

unlikely
very high doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
blood transfusion

Prevention

vaccination lasts up to 6 months
liver fluke control
remove infected carcasses from pasture

NB: Distinguish Red Water from Black Disease! The former will have bleeding out of any orifice while the latter does not

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Also known as: '''''Red Water'''
+{{unfinished}}
-Caused by: '''''Clostridium haemolyticum''''' (also known as ''Clostridium novyi'' type D)
-==Introduction==
+{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
-A disease of cattle and sheep caused by ''Clostridium haemolyticum'' (also known as ''Clostridium novyi'' type D) a bacteria from the class [[:Category:Clostridium species|''Clostridia'']]. ''C. haemolyticum'' is found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures and is highly fatal to livestock. The bacteria produces a beta toxin which causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis. Destruction of [[Erythrocytes|red blood cells]] results in haemoglobinuria.
+| Also known as:
+| '''Red Water'''<br>''Clostridium novyi'' Type D
+|-
+|}
+==Description==
+Adisease of cattle and sheep caused by ''[[Clostridium haemolyticum]]''.which is a bacteria from the class clostridia. C. haemolyticum is found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures and is highly fatal to livestock. The bacteria produces a beta toxin and causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis. The disease is often associated with a disease in the liver causing anaerobic conditions allowing the groeth of bacteria and hence toxin production.
+*
+*spores found routinely in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and GIT and faeces of grazing animals in affected pastures
+*need disease in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] casing anaerobic conditions to allow bacterial growth and toxin production
+*normally associated with [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] Fluke damage
+*disease occurs in some areas and some farms - distribution is poorly understood
+=====Clinical Signs=====
+*found dead/sudden death
+**lateral recumbency
+**bloat
+**little signs of struggle
+**blood in nostrils, mouth, [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]], [[Female Reprodcutive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]
+*IF seen alive
+**depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexia, respiratory distress
+**red urine (haemoglobinuria) but not consistent
+**pale mucous membranes/jaundice
+**bloody froth in nostrils
-Often associated with a disease in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] that causes anaerobic conditions allowing the growth of bacteria and hence toxin production. Endospores are dormant within the liver and germination is triggered by damage to the tissue. The damage to the liver is frequently caused by [[Fasciola hepatica|liver fluke]].
+=====Gross=====
+*post mortem is confirmatory finding
+*rapid decomposition of carcass
+**organs decomposed
+*subcutaneous hameorrhages, odema, emphysema
+*blood stained abdominal and thoracic fluid, large quantity and pericardium
+*animal is severely anaemic
+*may be jaundiced
+*red urine in [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]], therefore haemoglobin in urine
+*[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary System|kidneys]] speckled with haemoglobin
+*blood in lungs/trachea
+*ischaemic hepatic infarct
+**usually a single large necrotic focus in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
+**area of necrosis, sometimes partially liquefied centre, irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge
-==Signalment==
+=====Microscopically=====
-Cattle are the most commonly affected animal but sheep can also be infected. Animals in better body condition seem to be more susceptible to disease.
+*presence of Clostridia post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders
+*FAT for organism
+*identification of toxins
+**need this for diagnosis
-==Diagnosis==
+=====Treatment=====
-Often clinical signs are enough to make a presumptive diagnosis. Additionally urine can be collected and [[Urine Analysis - Pathology|urinalysis]] undertaken. This will help to differentiate the presence of haematuria where frank blood is in the urine from haemolysis where haemaglobinuria is present in the urine.
+*unlikely
+*very high doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
-A definitive diagnosis can be made by isolating ''C.haemolyticum'' from the liver however it can be difficult to culture. Additionally the organism can be confirmed on fluorescent antibody or immunohistochemical testing of liver tissue.
+*blood transfusion
+=====Prevention=====
+*vaccination lasts up to 6 months
+*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] fluke control
+*remove infected carcasses from pasture
+NB: Distinguish Red Water from [[Black Disease]]!  The former will have bleeding out of any orifice while the latter does not
-==Clinical Signs==
+[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Hepatitis,_Bacterial]]
-Animals can be found dead often in lateral recumbency, [[Bloat|bloat]] and little signs of struggle with blood in the nostrils, mouth, [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]] and vagina.
+[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]
-If animals are seen alive, the most obvious sign is a port wine coloured urine that froths on voiding.
-Animals are also often depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexic, have pale mucous membranes and are [[Icterus|jaundiced]] and sometimes in respiratory distress.
-==Pathology==
-Post mortem findings include rapid decomposition of the carcass, organs are also decomposed with subcutaneous haemorrhages, [[Oedema|oedema]] and emphysema present.
-Abdominal and thoracic fluid are blood stained and a large quantity will be in the [[Heart Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Pericardium |pericardium]].
-The animal is severely anaemic and may be jaundiced.
-Red urine in the [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]], and the [[Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary System|kidneys]] will be speckled with haemoglobin.
-There is usually a single large necrotic focus in the liver that is sometimes partially liquefied in the centre, and an irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge.
-Microscopically, fluorescent antibody testing can identify the organism. The presence of ''Clostridia'' post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders.
-==Treatment==
-It is unlikely that cases are recognised early enough for treatment to be effective.
-Very high doses of [[Penicillins|penicillin]] or [[Tetracyclines|oxytetracycline]] can be used and animals often need a blood transfusion if possible.
-==Prevention==
-[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is available and lasts for up to 6 months. Liver fluke control should also be instituted to prevent any damage to the liver.
-Infected carcasses should be removed from pasture as spores can survive for long periods in the soil and carcasses.
-==Prognosis==
-Often fatal.
-==Literature Search==
-[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
-Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
-<br><br><br>
-[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Bacillary+Haemoglobinuria%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=%22Red+Water%22&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=43&y=12&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Bacillary haemoglobinuria publications]
-==References==
-Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) ''Merial''
-{{review}}
-[[Category:Liver Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Hepatitis,_Bacterial]]
-[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
-[[Category:Brian Aldridge reviewing]]