Difference between revisions of "Gastric Impaction - Horse"
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| − | {{ | + | {{unfinished}} |
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| − | == | + | |
| − | + | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" | |
| + | | Also known as: | ||
| + | |'''Colic<br> | ||
| + | '''Impaction<br> | ||
| + | '''Simple Obstruction''' | ||
| + | |} | ||
| − | + | ==Description== | |
| + | Gastric impaction is rare in the horse.(Edwards) It can occur spontaneously as a primary condition but is often secondary to other disturbances in the intestinal tract of the stomach such as ucleration of fibrosis at the pylorus.(Mair) The condition typically causes mild to moderate colic that does not resolve with routine medical treatment.(Bliks) | ||
==Aetiology== | ==Aetiology== | ||
| − | The specific cause of the impaction is not always apparent | + | The specific cause of the impaction is not always apparent(Sanchez) but the obstruction typically consists of excessive dry, coarse ingesta such as straw bedding or poor quality forage.(Sanchez) It may also be composed of foreign bodies, ingested materials that form a mass (such as persimmon seeds or mesquite beans.1-3 in Bliks) or feeds that tend to swell after ingestion.(151-4 in Sanchez) Gastric impaction may be the result of an gastric atony or defective secretion.(Edwards) |
===Predisposing factors=== | ===Predisposing factors=== | ||
| − | *Ingestion of certain feedstuffs including sugar beet pulp, bran, straw, wheat and barley. Beet pulp and bran can become dessicated within the stomach and may not become rehydrated by water or gastric secretions. | + | *Ingestion of certain feedstuffs including sugar beet pulp, bran, straw, wheat and barley. Beet pulp and bran can become dessicated within the stomach and may not become rehydrated by water or gastric secretions.(Mair) |
| − | *Dental disorders - roughage may be only partially masticated. | + | *Dental disorders - roughage may be only partially masticated.(Mair) |
*Feeding a horse that has signs of colic - there may be poor gastric emptying associated with generalised decreased gastrointestinal motility | *Feeding a horse that has signs of colic - there may be poor gastric emptying associated with generalised decreased gastrointestinal motility | ||
| − | *Rapid consumption of feedstuffs. | + | *Rapid consumption of feedstuffs.(Sanchezz) |
| − | *Inadequate water consumption. | + | *Inadequate water consumption.(Sanchez) |
| − | *Secondary gastric impaction has been related to ragwort poisoning | + | *Secondary gastric impaction has been related to ragwort poisoning(Milne) |
==Clinical signs== | ==Clinical signs== | ||
| − | The | + | The colic associated with gastric impaction varies from mild and chronic to acute and severe.(Bliks) Other signs reported include (Bliks): |
*Anorexia | *Anorexia | ||
*Lethargy | *Lethargy | ||
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*Dropping of feed | *Dropping of feed | ||
*Bruxism | *Bruxism | ||
| − | *Salivation | + | *Salivation (Edwards) |
| − | *Insidious weight loss (if chronic) | + | *Insidious weight loss (if chronic)(Edwards) |
| − | * | + | *Spontaenous reflux with gastric contents visible at the nares (in severe cases)(Sanchez) |
| − | In mild cases where signs resolve spontaneously or with analgesics, owners my continue to feed the horse, which only serves to worsen the impaction. | + | In mild cases where signs resolve spontaneously or with analgesics, owners my continue to feed the horse, which only serves to worsen the impaction.(Mair) |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | *Gastric impaction is suspected if a [[Colic Diagnosis - Naso-gastric Intubation|'''nasogastric tube''']] cannot be passed or if poorly macerated or digested feed material is recovered from the tube when the horse has been starved for several hours. With gastric distension, the gastoroesophageal junction can become distorted making it difficult to pass the tube. | + | *Gastric impaction is suspected if a [[Colic Diagnosis - Naso-gastric Intubation|'''nasogastric tube''']] cannot be passed or if poorly macerated or digested feed material is recovered from the tube when the horse has been starved for several hours. With gastric distension, the gastoroesophageal junction can become distorted making it difficult to pass the tube.(Mair) |
| − | *On [[Colic Diagnosis - Rectal Examination|'''rectal examination''']], the spleen may be displaced caudally and medially (but this is not specific for gastric impaction). | + | *On [[Colic Diagnosis - Rectal Examination|'''rectal examination''']], the spleen may be displaced caudally and medially (but this is not specific for gastric impaction).(Mair) |
| − | *'''Endoscopy''' would be indicated in a chronic case | + | *'''Endoscopy''' would be indicated in a chronic case(Mair, Blisk) and may show a full stomach after a fast of 18-24hrs.(Sanchez) However it is not diagnostic for impaction as it is difficult to assess gastric distension by endoscopy.(MAir) |
| − | *In a small horse or pony, a lateral '''radiograph''' of the cranial abdomen may show the diaphragm displaced cranially | + | *In a small horse or pony, a lateral '''radiograph''' of the cranial abdomen may show the diaphragm displaced cranially(Mair) |
| − | *[[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|'''Ultrasonography''']] may reveal a markedly enlarged gastric echo extending over six or more intercostal spaces on the left side of the abdomen. A marked increase in the thickness of the wall of the stomach may also be imaged. | + | *[[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|'''Ultrasonography''']] may reveal a markedly enlarged gastric echo extending over six or more intercostal spaces on the left side of the abdomen. A marked increase in the thickness of the wall of the stomach may also be imaged. (Edwards) |
'''However, if the horse suffers from acute severe colic, a diagnosis is often made at surgery'''. | '''However, if the horse suffers from acute severe colic, a diagnosis is often made at surgery'''. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | If gastric impaction is suspected, the horse should be | + | If gastric impaction is suspected, the horse should be trasnported with a nasogastric tube in place to a clinic with surgical facilities.(Mair) '''Medical treatment''' might include gastric lavage with water(BLiks) to remove as much impacted ingesta as possible, which may take several attempts. 100-200ml of an 8% solution of '''dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS)''' may help to hydrate the dessicated material. IV fluid therapy and analgesia should be commenced, although IV fluids are unlikely to resolve the impaction.(Mair) Owing to the risk of gastric rupture, gastric motility stimulants shold be avoided if the extent of the impaction is undetermined.(Mair) At surgery the following should be performed: |
| − | + | *Infusion of balanced polyionic fluids such as saline(Bliks) either directly into the impaction through the gastric wall (adjacent to the greater curvature) or via a nasogastric tube | |
| − | *Infusion of balanced polyionic fluids such as saline | ||
*Massage of the stomach to reduce the impaction and aid movement of fluid into the ingesta | *Massage of the stomach to reduce the impaction and aid movement of fluid into the ingesta | ||
| − | *Impactions diagnosed at surgery may benefit from | + | *Impactions diagnosed at surgery may benefit from bethanechol at 0.2mg/kg SC every 8 hours to stimulate gastric motility.(Mair) |
| − | *The | + | *The horse should be starved for 48-72 hours post-operatively |
| − | * | + | *Gastroscopy is indicated to confirm resolution of the impaction and to identify any underlying causes in stomach.(mair) |
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| − | + | There is also a report including the details of a pony and a horse in which a gastrotomy was performed to removethe impacted stomach contents.5 However, there are major risks with this procedure, and infusion followed up by postoperative lavage by stomach tube isusually successful. (Bliks) | |
| − | + | In dorsal recumbency, the impacted stomach can be felt extending back to midway between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus and is therefore readily accessible via a midline celiotomy. As much as 30 - 40 kg have been removed via a gastrotomy but postoperatively normal gastric motility was not restored and impaction recurred (Edwards 1997). Reduction of stomach volume by partial resection of its flaccid wall was | |
| − | + | similarly unsuccessful (Huskamp et al 2000). (Edwards) | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | Mair, T.S, Divers, T.J, Ducharme, N.G (2002) '''Manual of Equine Gastroenterology''', ''WB Saunders''. | |
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Revision as of 20:30, 8 August 2010
 |
This article is still under construction. |
| Also known as: | Colic Impaction |
Description
Gastric impaction is rare in the horse.(Edwards) It can occur spontaneously as a primary condition but is often secondary to other disturbances in the intestinal tract of the stomach such as ucleration of fibrosis at the pylorus.(Mair) The condition typically causes mild to moderate colic that does not resolve with routine medical treatment.(Bliks)
Aetiology
The specific cause of the impaction is not always apparent(Sanchez) but the obstruction typically consists of excessive dry, coarse ingesta such as straw bedding or poor quality forage.(Sanchez) It may also be composed of foreign bodies, ingested materials that form a mass (such as persimmon seeds or mesquite beans.1-3 in Bliks) or feeds that tend to swell after ingestion.(151-4 in Sanchez) Gastric impaction may be the result of an gastric atony or defective secretion.(Edwards)
Predisposing factors
- Ingestion of certain feedstuffs including sugar beet pulp, bran, straw, wheat and barley. Beet pulp and bran can become dessicated within the stomach and may not become rehydrated by water or gastric secretions.(Mair)
- Dental disorders - roughage may be only partially masticated.(Mair)
- Feeding a horse that has signs of colic - there may be poor gastric emptying associated with generalised decreased gastrointestinal motility
- Rapid consumption of feedstuffs.(Sanchezz)
- Inadequate water consumption.(Sanchez)
- Secondary gastric impaction has been related to ragwort poisoning(Milne)
Clinical signs
The colic associated with gastric impaction varies from mild and chronic to acute and severe.(Bliks) Other signs reported include (Bliks):
- Anorexia
- Lethargy
- Prolonged recumbency
- Dysphagia
- Dropping of feed
- Bruxism
- Salivation (Edwards)
- Insidious weight loss (if chronic)(Edwards)
- Spontaenous reflux with gastric contents visible at the nares (in severe cases)(Sanchez)
In mild cases where signs resolve spontaneously or with analgesics, owners my continue to feed the horse, which only serves to worsen the impaction.(Mair)
Diagnosis
- Gastric impaction is suspected if a nasogastric tube cannot be passed or if poorly macerated or digested feed material is recovered from the tube when the horse has been starved for several hours. With gastric distension, the gastoroesophageal junction can become distorted making it difficult to pass the tube.(Mair)
- On rectal examination, the spleen may be displaced caudally and medially (but this is not specific for gastric impaction).(Mair)
- Endoscopy would be indicated in a chronic case(Mair, Blisk) and may show a full stomach after a fast of 18-24hrs.(Sanchez) However it is not diagnostic for impaction as it is difficult to assess gastric distension by endoscopy.(MAir)
- In a small horse or pony, a lateral radiograph of the cranial abdomen may show the diaphragm displaced cranially(Mair)
- Ultrasonography may reveal a markedly enlarged gastric echo extending over six or more intercostal spaces on the left side of the abdomen. A marked increase in the thickness of the wall of the stomach may also be imaged. (Edwards)
However, if the horse suffers from acute severe colic, a diagnosis is often made at surgery.
Treatment
If gastric impaction is suspected, the horse should be trasnported with a nasogastric tube in place to a clinic with surgical facilities.(Mair) Medical treatment might include gastric lavage with water(BLiks) to remove as much impacted ingesta as possible, which may take several attempts. 100-200ml of an 8% solution of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) may help to hydrate the dessicated material. IV fluid therapy and analgesia should be commenced, although IV fluids are unlikely to resolve the impaction.(Mair) Owing to the risk of gastric rupture, gastric motility stimulants shold be avoided if the extent of the impaction is undetermined.(Mair) At surgery the following should be performed:
- Infusion of balanced polyionic fluids such as saline(Bliks) either directly into the impaction through the gastric wall (adjacent to the greater curvature) or via a nasogastric tube
- Massage of the stomach to reduce the impaction and aid movement of fluid into the ingesta
- Impactions diagnosed at surgery may benefit from bethanechol at 0.2mg/kg SC every 8 hours to stimulate gastric motility.(Mair)
- The horse should be starved for 48-72 hours post-operatively
- Gastroscopy is indicated to confirm resolution of the impaction and to identify any underlying causes in stomach.(mair)
There is also a report including the details of a pony and a horse in which a gastrotomy was performed to removethe impacted stomach contents.5 However, there are major risks with this procedure, and infusion followed up by postoperative lavage by stomach tube isusually successful. (Bliks)
In dorsal recumbency, the impacted stomach can be felt extending back to midway between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus and is therefore readily accessible via a midline celiotomy. As much as 30 - 40 kg have been removed via a gastrotomy but postoperatively normal gastric motility was not restored and impaction recurred (Edwards 1997). Reduction of stomach volume by partial resection of its flaccid wall was similarly unsuccessful (Huskamp et al 2000). (Edwards)
References
Mair, T.S, Divers, T.J, Ducharme, N.G (2002) Manual of Equine Gastroenterology, WB Saunders.