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| + | (Equine SCID) |
| − | Also known as: '''''Equine SCID — ESCID
| + | *Autosomal recessive |
| − | | + | *Occurs in 2-3% of Arabian foals |
| − | ==Introduction==
| + | *Defect in DNA-dependent protein kinase gene |
| − | Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) of horses is an autosomal, recessive hereditary disease occurring in 2-3% of Arab or part-bred Arab foals. About 16-25% of Arabian horses are carriers of the disease and are phenotypically normal but pass on the defective gene to 50% of their offspring. Affected foals result from 25% of matings of two carrier horses.
| + | **Gene codes for a DNA repair enzyme involved in V(D)J recombination for antigen receptors of [[Lymphocytes|lymphocytes]] (e.g. Ig and TCR) |
| − | | + | *No functional [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B cells]] or [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]] |
| − | SCID is characterised by a complete absence of functional B and T lymphocytes and affected (homozygous) foals fail to produce antigen-specific immune responses. The disease results in the absence of a functional immune system and affected foals are unable to resist or recover from infections. The most common opportunistic infections in affected foals are pneumonia caused by viral ([[Equine Adenovirus|Adenovirus]]), bacterial ([[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']]), fungal ([[Pneumocystis carinii|''Pneumocystis carinii'']] or protozoal (''[[Cryptosporidium]]'') organisms.
| + | *Foals develop infections (usually around 8 weeks of age as maternal [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] in [[Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]] wanes around this time) |
| − | | + | *Foals usually die from bronchopneumonia |
| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Only Arab or cross-bred Arabs foals are affected. No sex predilection has been reported.
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| − | ==Pathogenesis==
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| − | SCID occurs due to a mutation in the allele encoding for DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) that is involved in V(D)J lymphocyte recombination. V(D)J recombination is required for antigenic receptor expression on B and T lymphocytes. Without these receptors, differentiation of B and T lymphocytes does not occur and lymphoid tissue fails to develop. The result of this mutation is a severe immunodeficiency.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Affected foals are clinically normal at birth and usually develop infections at around two to three months of age due to declining maternal antibodies in the colostrum. The most common clinical signs relate to infections of the respiratory tract such as nasal discharge, cough, dyspnoea or increased respiratory sounds. Other clinical signs may reflect further sites of infection including intermittent fever, pneumonia, colic, weight loss and diarrhoea. Infection of the pancreas may result in loss of functional endocrine tissue leading to stunted growth and weight loss.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Diagnosis may not be straightforward as the clinical signs may resemble those of many other infections occurring in foals. The antemortem diagnosis of SCID is usually based on three criteria; a) a persistent lymphopaenia (occurring over 1-2 weeks) with less than 1000 lymphocytes per microlitre, b) a lack of serum IgM in foals over four weeks of age and c) lymphoid hypoplasia. Affected foals may also develop [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] late in the course of the disease.
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| − | The '''intradermal phytohemagglutinin (PHA) test''' may be used as a test for immunocompetence and assesses T lymphocyte function. It can be performed in foals of all ages as the test is not affected by maternal antibodies. Intradermal PHA causes a [[Type IV Hypersensitivity|delayed hypersensitivity]] reaction, resulting in a skin swelling. A foal suffering from SCID fails to respond to intradermal PHA.
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| − | In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis, blood or cheek swabs may be submitted for '''PCR to identify the mutant allele of the DNA-PK gene'''. The test also identifies carriers of the disease which is important for screening prior to breeding. Additionally, post mortem findings of a small thymus and/or absent lymph nodes combined with the presence of opportunistic infections support a diagnosis of SCID. Histologically, lymph node follicles and germinal centres are absent with severe cellular hypoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Medical treatment of foals with SCID is generally unrewarding. Treatment is supportive, consisting of antibiotics to treat secondary opportunistic infections.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | The prognosis for affected foals is grave even with intensive treatment and most foals die within five months of birth.
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| − | ==Prevention==
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| − | SCID may be prevented in foals by DNA testing of the mare and stallion and only breeding non-carrier animals.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Equine Internal Medicine Q&A 16]] | |
| − | |literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=0&q=title:(%22Equine+Severe+Combined+Immune+Deficiency%22)+OR+((title:(%22Severe+Combined+Immune+Deficiency%22)++OR+title:(SCID))+AND+od:(horses))+OR+title:(ESCID) Equine Severe Combined Immune Deficiency publications]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Lavoie, J. P., Hinchcliff, K. W. (2009) '''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine''' ''John Wiley and Sons'' | |
| − | *McClure, J. T. (1997) '''New Developments in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease''' ''Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP (43) pp61-64''
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| − | *Swinburne, J., Lockhart, L., Scott, M., Binns, M. M. (1999) '''Estimation of the prevalence of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease in UK Arab horses as determined by a DNA-based test''' ''The Veterinary Record 145 22-23''
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | {{Learning |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/equis/Content/Disease/dis00051.asp SCID]}}
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| | [[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]] | | [[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]] |
| − | [[Category:Expert Review - Horse]] | + | [[Category:To Do - Blood]] |
| − | [[Category:Immunological Diseases - Horse]]
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