Difference between revisions of "Feline Leukaemia Virus"
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− | + | Feline Leukemia Virus is commonly abbreviated to FeLV | |
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− | == | + | ====Antigenicity==== |
− | + | *Main envelope protein: gp70 | |
− | + | *3 antigenic subgroups: | |
− | *FeLV-A | + | *Group A |
− | * | + | **is transmitted between cats |
− | * | + | **is monotypic: one vaccine covers all isolates |
+ | **causes '''lymphosarcoma''' | ||
+ | *Group B: | ||
+ | **is recombinant with transmissible FeLV-A | ||
+ | **increases the chance of '''thymic tumors''' | ||
+ | *Group C: | ||
+ | **is a mutant of A | ||
+ | **isolates are rare, and occur as A+C mixtures | ||
+ | **increases chances of '''anemia''' | ||
− | + | ====Pathogenesis==== | |
+ | *FeLV is the "disease of friends": transmission usually occurs through '''mutual grooming''' | ||
+ | *From the oropharynx, virus spreads to most tissues in the body to replicate, notably: | ||
+ | **Bone marrow | ||
+ | **Thymus | ||
+ | **Salivary glands | ||
+ | **Reproductive tract | ||
+ | *Most kittens but only 30% of adults become '''viremic''' for life without producing antibody | ||
+ | **20% of viremic cats die of tumors | ||
+ | **30% of viremic cats die of FeLV-associated disease | ||
+ | **80% die within three years of exposure | ||
+ | *30% of adults exposed become '''latently infected''' and can become viremic when immunosuppressed | ||
+ | *40% of exposed adults remain healthy and develop Ab and CD8+ Tcells after clearing the virus, without becoming reinfected or silent carriers | ||
− | + | Clinical Signs: | |
− | + | *'''Leukemia''' | |
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− | *'''Leukemia''' | ||
*'''Multicentric lymphosarcoma''': B or T cell tumors, which may be palpable as enlarged lymph nodes (particularly mesenteric) | *'''Multicentric lymphosarcoma''': B or T cell tumors, which may be palpable as enlarged lymph nodes (particularly mesenteric) | ||
− | *'''Thymic lymphosarcoma''': T cell tumors, with only the thymus enlarged | + | *'''Thymic lymphosarcoma''': T cell tumors, with only the thymus enlarged |
+ | **Results in dyspnoea | ||
+ | **Confirmed by radiography | ||
*'''Alimentary lymphosarcoma''': B cell tumors of the Peyer's patches | *'''Alimentary lymphosarcoma''': B cell tumors of the Peyer's patches | ||
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FeLV-associated disease: | FeLV-associated disease: | ||
*'''Immunodepression''' causing secondary disease | *'''Immunodepression''' causing secondary disease | ||
− | *'''Reproductive failure''': FeLV crosses the placenta, causing fetal resorption or | + | *'''Reproductive failure''': FeLV crosses the placenta, causing fetal resorption or viremic kittens with thymic aplasia |
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− | + | ====Epidemiology==== | |
− | * | + | *Vertical transmission of FeLV-A from mother to kittens either via placenta, grooming, or milk |
− | * | + | *Horizontal transmission occurs via saliva during mutual grooming |
− | * | + | *Recovery linked to age and presence of maternal antibody |
+ | *Particular concern for intensively bred cats because of crowding, etc. | ||
− | ==Diagnosis== | + | ====Diagnosis==== |
− | *FeLV should be suspect in any cat with '''recurrent bacterial infections''', '''anemia''' or '''weight loss''' | + | *FeLV should be suspect in any cat with '''recurrent bacterial infections''', '''anemia''' or '''weight loss''' |
− | *''' | + | *'''ELISA''' for '''Antigen''' (capsid protein p27 or envelope protein gp70) |
− | *'''Immunochromatography''' is now | + | *'''Immunochromatography''' is now trusted as ELISA testing can give false positives |
− | *'''Virus isolation''' from heparinised blood can be performed to confirm a positive diagnosis | + | *'''Virus isolation''' from heparinised blood can now be performed to confirm a positive diagnosis |
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− | == | + | ====Control==== |
− | Antigen positive cats | + | *Antigen positive sick cats should be destroyed |
+ | *Healthy positive cats should have diagnosis confirmed | ||
+ | *Vaccination: | ||
+ | **Should take place once antigen-negative status has been determined | ||
+ | **'''Leukogen''': Subunit vaccine (using envelope protein gp70) produced in ''E. coli'' mixed with Quill-A and alhydrogel | ||
+ | **Others include inactivated virus and canarypox recombinants, but all MUST include FeLV-A | ||
− | + | (FeLV) | |
− | + | [[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]] | |
+ | [[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]] | ||
+ | *Oncogenic retrovirus | ||
+ | *Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]]) | ||
+ | *2 strains: | ||
+ | **FeLV-A | ||
+ | ***Natural strain | ||
+ | **FeLV-B | ||
+ | ***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome | ||
+ | ***Increases the risks of lymphoma | ||
+ | **FeLV-C | ||
+ | ***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A | ||
+ | ***Is more myelosuppressive | ||
+ | *Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue | ||
+ | *Shed in saliva | ||
+ | *Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming | ||
+ | *Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible | ||
+ | *60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover | ||
+ | *Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases | ||
+ | *Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] | ||
+ | *Diagnosis: | ||
+ | **ELISA | ||
+ | **Rapid-Immuno-Migration | ||
+ | **Western Blot | ||
+ | **Virus Isolation | ||
+ | **Immunofluorescence | ||
+ | **PCR | ||
+ | *Treatment: | ||
+ | **Antibiotics for secondary infection | ||
+ | **Anti-retroviral therapy | ||
+ | *For vaccinations see [[Vaccines#Cat Vaccinations|here]] | ||
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− | [[Category:Mammalian Type C retrovirus ]][[Category:Cat | + | [[Category:Mammalian Type C retrovirus ]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Secondary Immunodeficiency]] |
− | [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]] |
− | + | [[Category:To Do - Blood]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]] | |
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Revision as of 14:33, 12 August 2010
Feline Leukemia Virus is commonly abbreviated to FeLV
Antigenicity
- Main envelope protein: gp70
- 3 antigenic subgroups:
- Group A
- is transmitted between cats
- is monotypic: one vaccine covers all isolates
- causes lymphosarcoma
- Group B:
- is recombinant with transmissible FeLV-A
- increases the chance of thymic tumors
- Group C:
- is a mutant of A
- isolates are rare, and occur as A+C mixtures
- increases chances of anemia
Pathogenesis
- FeLV is the "disease of friends": transmission usually occurs through mutual grooming
- From the oropharynx, virus spreads to most tissues in the body to replicate, notably:
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Salivary glands
- Reproductive tract
- Most kittens but only 30% of adults become viremic for life without producing antibody
- 20% of viremic cats die of tumors
- 30% of viremic cats die of FeLV-associated disease
- 80% die within three years of exposure
- 30% of adults exposed become latently infected and can become viremic when immunosuppressed
- 40% of exposed adults remain healthy and develop Ab and CD8+ Tcells after clearing the virus, without becoming reinfected or silent carriers
Clinical Signs:
- Leukemia
- Multicentric lymphosarcoma: B or T cell tumors, which may be palpable as enlarged lymph nodes (particularly mesenteric)
- Thymic lymphosarcoma: T cell tumors, with only the thymus enlarged
- Results in dyspnoea
- Confirmed by radiography
- Alimentary lymphosarcoma: B cell tumors of the Peyer's patches
FeLV-associated disease:
- Immunodepression causing secondary disease
- Reproductive failure: FeLV crosses the placenta, causing fetal resorption or viremic kittens with thymic aplasia
Epidemiology
- Vertical transmission of FeLV-A from mother to kittens either via placenta, grooming, or milk
- Horizontal transmission occurs via saliva during mutual grooming
- Recovery linked to age and presence of maternal antibody
- Particular concern for intensively bred cats because of crowding, etc.
Diagnosis
- FeLV should be suspect in any cat with recurrent bacterial infections, anemia or weight loss
- ELISA for Antigen (capsid protein p27 or envelope protein gp70)
- Immunochromatography is now trusted as ELISA testing can give false positives
- Virus isolation from heparinised blood can now be performed to confirm a positive diagnosis
Control
- Antigen positive sick cats should be destroyed
- Healthy positive cats should have diagnosis confirmed
- Vaccination:
- Should take place once antigen-negative status has been determined
- Leukogen: Subunit vaccine (using envelope protein gp70) produced in E. coli mixed with Quill-A and alhydrogel
- Others include inactivated virus and canarypox recombinants, but all MUST include FeLV-A
(FeLV)
- Oncogenic retrovirus
- Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of T cells)
- 2 strains:
- FeLV-A
- Natural strain
- FeLV-B
- Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
- Increases the risks of lymphoma
- FeLV-C
- Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
- Is more myelosuppressive
- FeLV-A
- Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
- Shed in saliva
- Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
- Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
- 60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
- Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
- Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the bone marrow
- Diagnosis:
- ELISA
- Rapid-Immuno-Migration
- Western Blot
- Virus Isolation
- Immunofluorescence
- PCR
- Treatment:
- Antibiotics for secondary infection
- Anti-retroviral therapy
- For vaccinations see here