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==Stomach spirurid worms==
==Stomach spirurid worms==
[[Image:Habronemiasis donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>This donkey shows the typical bilateral habronemiasis lesions extending from the medial canthus of the eye down the side of the face. In these cases lacrimation may be an important primary
factor but individuals are probably genetically susceptible and are affected each year. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
[[Image:Facial habronemiasis donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Facial habronemiasis. This condition occurs seasonally and affects the facial skin in particular. Wounds and other inflamed and exudative skin lesions can be contaminated when the carrier fly deposits the larvae in the site. It is sometimes possible to identify the larvae in washings and scrapings from
the site. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
'''''Habronema muscae, H. majus''''' and '''''Draschia megastoma''''' are frequently reported spirurids in donkeys (Pandey ''et al'', 1994). Although the adults are considered to be non-pathogenic, the formation of large granulomas/tumours in the stomach by ''D. megastoma'' may interfere mechanically with its function. These lesions are frequent findings in the fundus region of the stomach of donkeys, often protruding into the lumen.
'''''Habronema muscae, H. majus''''' and '''''Draschia megastoma''''' are frequently reported spirurids in donkeys (Pandey ''et al'', 1994). Although the adults are considered to be non-pathogenic, the formation of large granulomas/tumours in the stomach by ''D. megastoma'' may interfere mechanically with its function. These lesions are frequent findings in the fundus region of the stomach of donkeys, often protruding into the lumen.
==Cutaneous habronemiasis==
==Cutaneous habronemiasis==
Cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sore) is a seasonal, granulomatous skin disease caused by aberrant ''Habronema'' larvae. It is caused by house and stable flies depositing infective larvae on moist mucous membranes or pre-existing skin lesions. Deposition of larvae in existing wounds is a major problem in the tropics among working donkeys. The problem is common during warm weather coinciding with the period of high fly activity. Body parts that commonly have wounds, moisture or discharges, i.e. lower limbs, back, girth and belly, mucocutaneous junctions such as sheath, prepuce, penis, lips, muzzle, eyelids and medial canthus of the eye, are common sites of lesions in donkeys (Getachew, 1999). In donkeys the facial form and the conjunctival forms are the most common.
Cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sore) is a seasonal, granulomatous skin disease caused by aberrant ''Habronema'' larvae. It is caused by house and stable flies depositing infective larvae on moist mucous membranes or pre-existing skin lesions. Deposition of larvae in existing wounds is a major problem in the tropics among working donkeys. The problem is common during warm weather coinciding with the period of high fly activity. Body parts that commonly have wounds, moisture or discharges, i.e. lower limbs, back, girth and belly, mucocutaneous junctions such as sheath, prepuce, penis, lips, muzzle, eyelids and medial canthus of the eye, are common sites of lesions in donkeys (Getachew, 1999). In donkeys the facial form and the conjunctival forms are the most common.
* Treatment must also be aimed at '''decreasing inflammatory reactions'''. Topical application of a combination of dimethyl sulphoxide and dexamethasone suspended in nitrofuracin ointment have been found to be helpful adjuncts in reducing granulomatous lesions (Rebhun, 1996)
* Treatment must also be aimed at '''decreasing inflammatory reactions'''. Topical application of a combination of dimethyl sulphoxide and dexamethasone suspended in nitrofuracin ointment have been found to be helpful adjuncts in reducing granulomatous lesions (Rebhun, 1996)
* '''Fly repellents''' to control fly strike should also be employed
* '''Fly repellents''' to control fly strike should also be employed
==Literature Search==
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Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=ab%3A%28donkey%29+AND+%28ab%3A%28spirurid%29+OR+ab%3A%28habronem*%29%29 Habronemiasis in donkeys related publications]
==References==
==References==