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| − | ===Overview=== | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Actinobacillus species |
| | + | |pagebody = Actinobacillus organisms are mainly pathogens of farm animals and commensals of the mucosa of upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. They cannot survive for long in the environment, so carrier animals are important in their transmission. Actinobacillus organisms are small Gram negative coccobacilli that are oxidase negative, non-motile facultative anaerobes that ferment carbohydrates to produce acid. They do not grow on MacConkey Agar. |
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| − | *Mainly pathogens of farm animals
| + | Clinically, they cause [[Granulomatous Inflammation|granulomatous inflammation]]. |
| − | *Commensals of mucosa of upper respiratory tract and oral cavity
| + | |contenttitle =Content |
| − | *Cannot survive long in the environment, therefore carrier animals are important in their transmission
| + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| − | *Cause [[Chronic Inflammation - Pathology#Granulomatous Inflammation|granulomatous inflammation]]
| + | <categorytree mode=pages>Actinobacillus species</categorytree> |
| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo =bugs-logo copy.png |
| | + | }} |
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| − | | + | [[Category:Bacterial Organisms]] |
| − | ===''Actinobacillus'' characteristics===
| + | [[Category:Gram negative bacteria]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Coccobacilli]] |
| − | *Small Gram negative coccobacilli
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| − | *Oxidase negative
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| − | *Do not grow on MacConkey
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| − | *Non-motile
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| − | *Facultative anaerobes which ferment carbohydrates to produce acid
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| − | ''[[Actinobacillus lignieresii]]''
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| − | ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''
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| − | ===''Actinobacillus equuli''===
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| − | *Commensal of the equine intestinal and reproductive tract
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| − | *Pathogenesis and clinical signs:
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| − | **Foals infected ''in utero'' or or after birth via the umbilicus
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| − | **Infection at birth causes severe enteritis and septicaemia within 24 hours, known as sleepy foal disease
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| − | **Foals become pyrexic and recumbent
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| − | **Death usually occurs within 1-2 days
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| − | **In foals that survive neonatal infection the condition progresses to cause joint infections and purulent nephritis, enteritis or pneumonia
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| − | **''A. equuli'' in [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
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| − | **Abortion, septicaemia and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In horses|peritonitis in horses]]
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Specimens cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar and incubated aerobically for 1-3 days
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| − | **Sticky colonies with variable haemolysis on blood agar
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| − | **Lactose-fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar
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| − | *Treatment and control:
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| − | **Antimicrobials ineffective unless early in course of disease
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| − | **Blood trasfusion and administration of colostrum
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| − | **Good hygiene
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| − | **Consider prophylactic antibiotics for new-born foals
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| − | **Bacteria susceptible to streptomycin, tetracyclines and ampicillin
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| − | *In other animals:
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| − | **Septicaemia in piglets
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| − | **Arthritis and enteritis in pigs
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| − | **Enteritis in calves
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| − | **RTX group cytotoxin present
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| − | ===''Actinobacillus suis''===
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| − | *May be present in upper respiratory tract of sows
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| − | *Pathogenicity and clinical signs:
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| − | **Infection of piglets via aerosol or possibly skin abrasions
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| − | **Fatal septicaemia in piglets 1-8 weeks old
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| − | **Mortality up to 50% in some litters
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| − | **Fever, respiratory distress, prostration and paddling of forelimbs seen in piglets
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| − | **Petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in many organs
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| − | **Interstitial pneumonia, pleuritis, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis and arthritis
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| − | **Causes abscesses in joints and lungs of older pigs
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| − | **Carried in the nasopharynx of pigs and nose of horses
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| − | **Carriage may confer immunity to the more severe pleuropneumonia
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Specimens cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar for 1-3 days
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| − | **Sticky haemolytic colonies
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| − | **Pink, lactose-fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar
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| − | *Treatment and control:
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| − | **Bacteria usually susceptible to ampicillin, carbenicillin, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines
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| − | **Disinfect contaminated pens
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| − | *Other animals:
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| − | **Septicaemia and pneumonia in foals
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| − | **Pneumonia in pigs and horses
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| − | ===''Actinobacillus seminis''===
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| − | *Epididymitis in young rams (4-8 months)
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| − | *Polyarthritis in lambs
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| − | *Organism found in prepuce
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| − | *Opportunistic infection causing abscesses in epididymides
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| − | *May be purulent discharge onto scrotal skin
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| − | *Specimens cultured on blood agar and incubated aerobically for 1-3 days produce pin-point haemolytic colonies which are catalase-positive; no growth on MacConkey agar
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| − | ===''Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans''===
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| − | *Epididymitis in rams
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| − | [[Category:Bacteria]] | |
