Difference between revisions of "Chocolate Poisoning-Dog"

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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
−
Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate. They are also present in stimulant preparations and other products.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref>
+
Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref>
 +
 
 
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
 
Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
 
Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
Line 9: Line 10:
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
===Clinical Signs===
 
===Clinical Signs===
−
Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>. These signs are observed quite quickly after ingestion of toxic amount of chocolate.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref>
+
Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urological signs.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple"> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm'''. These signs are observed quite quickly after ingestion of toxic amount of chocolate.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007 </ref>
  
 
*'''CNS:''' hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref>
 
*'''CNS:''' hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref>
 
*'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
 
*'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
 
*'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref>
 
*'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings''', p253-254</ref>
 +
*Polydypsia and polyuria may also be present <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 02.10.2010 </ref>
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 +
Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used;
 
* Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>.
 
* Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>.
 +
* Blood Glucose: Hyperactivity may result in hypoglycaemia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>.
 +
* Urinalysis:
 +
 
===Pathology===
 
===Pathology===
 
The methylxanthines yield their effects through
 
The methylxanthines yield their effects through

Revision as of 21:27, 2 November 2010


 This article is still under construction.


Introduction

Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate.[1]

Signalment

Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.[2]


Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urological signs.[2], Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

  • CNS: hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.[2], [1]
  • Gastrointestinal: diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.[2], [1]
  • Cardiovascular: arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.[2], [1]
  • Polydypsia and polyuria may also be present [2]

Laboratory Tests

Diagnosis is usually on the basis of clinical signs and a known history of chocolate ingestion. The following laboratory tests are possible but not commonly used;

  • Detection of methylxanthines in bodily fluids such as plasma, urine and stomach contents [2].
  • Blood Glucose: Hyperactivity may result in hypoglycaemia.[2].
  • Urinalysis:

Pathology

The methylxanthines yield their effects through

  • Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:[1]
  • Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:[1]

Treatment

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical CareSecond Edition,2007 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Tilley SmithThe 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline (Second Edition), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content
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