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| − | ===Overview=== | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Clostridium species |
| | + | |pagebody = |
| | + | <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;"> |
| | + | Clostridium organisms are ubiquitously present in the soil, alimentary tract and faeces of many animal species. There are several different pathologies associated with Clostridium species: neurotoxic clostridia such as ''Clostridium tetani'' and ''Clostridium botulinum'' affect neuromuscular function but cause no tissue damage. Histotoxic clostridia can cause localised lesions in tissues and may cause toxaemia. ''C. perfringens'' causes inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and enterotoxaemias in sheep. In some species, endospores may be present in the liver which can be reactivated to cause disease periodically. |
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| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Clostridium species</categorytree> |
| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo =bugs-logo copy.png |
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| − | *Organisms present in the soil, alimentary tract and faeces
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| − | *Endospores may be present in liver and may be reactivated to cause disease
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| − | *Neurotoxic clostridia, ''Clostridium tetani'' and ''Clostridium botulinum'' affect neuromuscular function but cause no tissue damage
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| − | *Histotoxic clostridia cause localised lesions in tissues and may cause toxaemia
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| − | *''C. perfringens'' cause inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and enterotoxaemias in sheep
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| − | ===Characteristics===
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| − | *Large Gram-positive rods
| + | [[Category:Bacterial Organisms]] |
| − | *Obligate anaerobes
| + | [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] |
| − | *Fermentative, catalase negative, oxidase negative
| + | [[Category:Gram Positive Anaerobic Bacteria]] |
| − | *Straight or slightly curved
| + | [[Category:Rods]] |
| − | *Motile by flagellae
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| − | *Require enriched media for growth
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| − | *Produce endospores which vary in shape and location and cause bulging of mother cell
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| − | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
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| − | *Produce extracellular digestive enzymes and toxic substance known as exotoxins
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| − | *Exotoxins cause necrosis, haemolysis and death
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| − | *Collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNase enymes facilitate spread through tissues
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| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | *Anaerobic transport medium
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| − | *Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
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| − | *Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide for 48 hours
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| − | *Colonies of ''C. perfringens'' are 5mm diameter, circular, flat and grey and surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
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| − | *Positive cAMP test with ''Streptococci agalactiae''
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| − | *Biochemical tests
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| − | *Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
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| − | *Nagler reaction to detect alpha toxin - plate neutralisation test
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| − | *Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
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| − | *ELISA, PCR for toxin detection
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| − | *Sudden death in unvaccinated farm animals may suggest ''C. perfringens'' types B, C and D
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| − | *Post mortem
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| − | *Gram positive rods present on intestinal smears suggests clostridial enterotoxaemia
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| − | <big>'''''<ncl style=compact maxdepth=4 headings=bullet headstart=2 showcats=1 showarts=1>Category:{{PAGENAME}}</ncl></big>
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| − | [[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] | |