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| | ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| − | The adder, also known as the viper, is native to many parts of the UK, where it is the only venomous snake living in the wild <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Bites-snake/Pages/Introduction.aspx'''accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>. Adder bites are most frequent between february and october. The habitat of the common european adder (Vipera Berus) extends throughout England, Wales, Scotland and some islands off the coast of Scotland, and the isle of Wight <ref> '''Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snake''',Warrell DA,''BMJ'' 2005;331:1244 doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1244(Published 12 november 2005) </ref>. <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Bites-snake/Pages/Introduction.aspx'''accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>. Adder bites can be accommpanied by the injection of venom <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Bites-snake/Pages/Introduction.aspx'''accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>, through one of the most sophisticated mechanisms seen in the animal kingdom <ref> '''http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/adder''', accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>, or they can be venom-less in which case the damaged caused to the victim is limited to the puncture wounds <ref name="multiples"> '''http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Bites-snake/Pages/Introduction.aspx'''accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>. The mortality rate in dogs that have received venomous bites is thought to be 3.5% to 4% <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical and biochemical changes in 53 Swedish dogs bitten by the European adder - ''Viper berus'' ''', Lervik et al, Acta Vet Scand. 2010; 52(1):26, accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873270/?tool=pubmed#B1 on 08.12.10 </ref>. In dogs the most common site of the bite is the head, followed by the forelimb <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical and biochemical changes in 53 Swedish dogs bitten by the European adder - ''Viper berus'' ''', Lervik et al, Acta Vet Scand. 2010; 52(1):26, accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873270/?tool=pubmed#B1 on 08.12.10 </ref>.
| + | Adder bites are most frequent between february and october. The habitat of the adder (Vipera Berus) extends throughout England, Wales, Scotland and some islnad of the coast of Scotland <ref> '''Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snake''',Warrell DA,''BMJ'' 2005;331:1244 doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1244(Published 12 november 2005) </ref>. |
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| | ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
| − | | + | Adder bites have been reported in dogs, cats and horses <ref> '''http://www.fabcats.org/owners/poisons/Cats%20and%20poisons.html''', accesses on 10.11.2010 </ref>. |
| − | Adder bites have been reported in dogs, cats and horses <ref> '''http://www.fabcats.org/owners/poisons/Cats%20and%20poisons.html''', accessed on 10.11.2010 </ref>. | |
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| | ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | ===Clinical Signs=== | | ===Clinical Signs=== |
| − | *Swelling at puncture site
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| − | *Altered Mentation
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| − | *Cardiac Abnormalities <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical and biochemical changes in 53 Swedish dogs bitten by the European adder - ''Viper berus'' ''', Lervik et al, Acta Vet Scand. 2010; 52(1):26, accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873270/?tool=pubmed#B1 on 08.12.10 </ref>
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| − | *Initial Pyrexia <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical and biochemical changes in 53 Swedish dogs bitten by the European adder - ''Viper berus'' ''', Lervik et al, Acta Vet Scand. 2010; 52(1):26, accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873270/?tool=pubmed#B1 on 08.12.10 </ref>
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| | ===Laboratory Tests=== | | ===Laboratory Tests=== |
| − | *'''Biochemistry:''' Transient elevations in one or more of the following parameters may be seen; Alanine Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Bile Acids, Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Creatinine Kinase <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical and biochemical changes in 53 Swedish dogs bitten by the European adder - ''Viper berus'' ''', Lervik et al, Acta Vet Scand. 2010; 52(1):26, accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873270/?tool=pubmed#B1 on 08.12.10 </ref>.
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| | ===Pathology=== | | ===Pathology=== |
| | ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| − | *'''Antiserum:'''
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| − | *'''Supportive Treatment''''
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| − | **'''Fluid Therapy:'''
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| − | **'''Analgesia'''
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| − | **'''Anti-inflammatories'''
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| − | **'''Anti-biotics'''
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| | ==Prognosis== | | ==Prognosis== |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | <references/> | | <references/> |
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| − | [[Category:Toxicology]]
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| − | [[Category:To Do - Medium]]
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