Difference between revisions of "Akabane Virus"
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Also Known As: '''''Akabane Disease — AKA — Arthrogryposis Hydrancephaly Syndrome — AH Syndrome — Congenital Articular Rigidity — CAR — Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydrancephaly Syndrome ''''' | Also Known As: '''''Akabane Disease — AKA — Arthrogryposis Hydrancephaly Syndrome — AH Syndrome — Congenital Articular Rigidity — CAR — Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydrancephaly Syndrome ''''' | ||
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
− | Tropical and temperate regions, particularly '''Africa''' where it is thought to be present throughout the continent. Seroconversion in Kenya may be as high as 95% in animals of breeding age. In areas where infection prevalence is extremely high, no pathologic effects are seen. | + | Tropical and temperate regions, particularly '''Africa''' where it is thought to be present throughout the continent. Seroconversion in Kenya may be as high as 95% in animals of breeding age. In areas where infection prevalence is extremely high, no pathologic effects are seen due to the development of long lasting immunity at an early age. |
− | Akabane virus is transmitted by '''insect vectors, mainly [[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides'' midges]]''' but also '''[[Culicidae|mosquitoes]]''' of the ''Aedes ''spp. and ''Culex'' spp. and some species of '''[[Ticks|tick]]'''. Mosquitoes | + | Akabane virus is transmitted by '''insect vectors, mainly [[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides'' midges]]''' but also '''[[Culicidae|mosquitoes]]''' of the ''Aedes ''spp. and ''Culex'' spp. and some species of '''[[Ticks|tick]]'''. Mosquitoes may be solely mechanical vectors as no viral replication has been demonstrated to occur within them unlike Culicodes species. |
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
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Akabane can also result in '''abortion or births of stillborns''' if foetal damage is too severe. Infertility and agalactia may also be seen in infected females but this is uncommon. | Akabane can also result in '''abortion or births of stillborns''' if foetal damage is too severe. Infertility and agalactia may also be seen in infected females but this is uncommon. | ||
− | The pathogenesis depends on the '''timing of infection'''; the critical periods are 76-249 days in the cow and 30-53 days in the ewe. | + | The pathogenesis and subsequent pathology depends on the '''timing of infection'''; the critical periods are 76-249 days in the cow and 30-53 days in the ewe. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
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Antibodies to AKA may persist for up to 2 years after infection and often do not indicate clinical disease so are of little clinical use. | Antibodies to AKA may persist for up to 2 years after infection and often do not indicate clinical disease so are of little clinical use. | ||
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− | + | CNS lesions will be present in the spinal cord, cerebellum and motor spinal nerves. The '''limbs are usually locked''' in position due to the arthrogryposis and a fibrinous polyarticular synovitis may be present. | |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
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[[Category:Bunyaviridae]] | [[Category:Bunyaviridae]] | ||
[[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Sheep Viruses]][[Category:Goat Viruses]] | [[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Sheep Viruses]][[Category:Goat Viruses]] | ||
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Goat]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Sheep]] | [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Goat]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Sheep]] | ||
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Goat]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]] | [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Goat]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]] | ||
− | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]] | + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] |
− | [[Category:Nick | + | [[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]] |
Latest revision as of 12:16, 17 August 2012
Also Known As: Akabane Disease — AKA — Arthrogryposis Hydrancephaly Syndrome — AH Syndrome — Congenital Articular Rigidity — CAR — Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydrancephaly Syndrome
Introduction
Akabane Virus is a member of the bunyavirus family, the largest of all the viral families and thus is related to many other diseases including Rift Valley Fever and Nairobi sheep disease.
Akabane is a teratogenic disease, infecting foetuses of cattle, sheep and goats in-utero.
Distribution
Tropical and temperate regions, particularly Africa where it is thought to be present throughout the continent. Seroconversion in Kenya may be as high as 95% in animals of breeding age. In areas where infection prevalence is extremely high, no pathologic effects are seen due to the development of long lasting immunity at an early age.
Akabane virus is transmitted by insect vectors, mainly Culicoides midges but also mosquitoes of the Aedes spp. and Culex spp. and some species of tick. Mosquitoes may be solely mechanical vectors as no viral replication has been demonstrated to occur within them unlike Culicodes species.
Signalment
Many wild ruminant and equid species have been demonstrated to have antibodies to Akabane virus. Clinical signs though, are only seen in cattle, sheep and goats, but other species may act as amplifying hosts for viral replication.
Clinical Signs
Arthrogryposis, or joint contracture, ankylosis (inability to straighten the joints), hydrancephaly and less commonly, polioencephalomyelitis are among the congenital signs seen in offspring of infected dams due to the teratogenic effects of Akabane. If the jaw is also malformed (brachygnathia/prognathia) then dysphagia will result. Other congenital lesions seen include cleft palate, lordosis and kyphosis.
Neurological effects of the disease manifest somewhat non-specifically as ataxia, recumbency, trembling, opisthotonous, dysmetria, hypermetria, nystagmus and blindness. However, a combination of musculoskeletal deformities and neurological deficits is the trademark of Akabane.
Akabane can also result in abortion or births of stillborns if foetal damage is too severe. Infertility and agalactia may also be seen in infected females but this is uncommon.
The pathogenesis and subsequent pathology depends on the timing of infection; the critical periods are 76-249 days in the cow and 30-53 days in the ewe.
Diagnosis
The sudden onset of large numbers of abortions and clinical signs in neonatal stock as discussed above is highly suggestive of AKA.
Viral isolation can be attempted from placental caruncles and foetal fluid, membranes or nervous tissue. It can also be performed from serum/plasma of dams during peak vector activity periods. Virus can be innoculated into cell cultures and identified by Immunofluorescence (IF). PCR is also available.
Serologically, many tests are possible but ELISA predominates.
Antibodies to AKA may persist for up to 2 years after infection and often do not indicate clinical disease so are of little clinical use.
CNS lesions will be present in the spinal cord, cerebellum and motor spinal nerves. The limbs are usually locked in position due to the arthrogryposis and a fibrinous polyarticular synovitis may be present.
Treatment
No treatment is available
Control
The mainstay is vaccination. Protection should be at a maximum during late spring and early summer when vectors are at peak activity. Inactivated and live forms are available.
Vector control and protection/avoidance of animals from vectors are valuable but often impossible due to difficulties identifying vector breeding sites.
Akabane Virus Learning Resources | |
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Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Akabane Virus Flashcards |
References
This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project. The datasheet was accessed on 20 June 2011. |
This article has been expert reviewed by Nick Lyons MA VetMB CertCHP MRCVS Date reviewed: July 8, 2012 |
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