Difference between revisions of "Clostridium species"

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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Clostridium species]]
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
 
 
 
===Overview===
 
 
 
*Organisms present in the soil, alimentary tract and faeces
 
*Endospores may be present in liver and may be reactivated to cause disease
 
*Neurotoxic clostridia, ''Clostridium tetani'' and ''Clostridium botulinum'' affect neuromuscular function but cause no tissue damage
 
*Histotoxic clostridia cause localised lesions in tissues and may cause toxaemia
 
*''C. perfringens'' cause inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and enterotoxaemias in sheep
 
 
 
===Characteristics===
 
 
 
*Large Gram-positive rods
 
*Obligate anaerobes
 
*Fermentative, catalase negative, oxidase negative
 
*Straight or slightly curved
 
*Motile by flagellae
 
*Require enriched media for growth
 
*Produce endospores which vary in shape and location and cause bulging of mother cell
 
 
 
 
 
===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
 
 
 
*Produce extracellular digestive enzymes and toxic substance known as exotoxins
 
*Exotoxins cause necrosis, haemolysis and death
 
*Collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNase enymes facilitate spread through tissues
 
 
 
 
 
===Clostridium botulinum===
 
 
 
* ''Clostridium botulinum'' has been implicated in [[Intestines - physical disturbances#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]].
 
* The toxin also causes [[Muscles - degenerative#Botulism|botulism]], a disease affecting muscle at the neuromuscular junction.
 
 
 
===Clostridium chauvei===
 
 
 
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], along with [[Clostridium species#Clostridium septicum|''Clostridium septicum'']].
 
* Infects muscles giving black leg [[Muscles - inflammatory#Black leg|myositis]]
 
 
 
===Clostridium novyi===
 
 
 
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]].
 
*May be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
 
 
 
===Clostridium perfringens===
 
 
 
* Causes:
 
** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Lamb Dysentery (Enterotoxaemia with Blood)|Lamb dysentery]]
 
** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]].
 
** [[Intestines - Catarrhal Enteritis#"Pulpy Kidney" Disease|Pulpy kidney disease]]
 
*** ''C. perfringens'' type D only.
 
** [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]]
 
**  [[Respiratory system - clinical signs#Dysphagia|Dysphagia in horses]]
 
** [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|Gas gangrene]]
 
** [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|Myositis]]
 
 
 
===Clostridium septicum===
 
 
 
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
 
 
 
===Clostridium sordelli===
 
 
 
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
 
 
 
===Clostridium tetani===
 
 
 
* ''Clostridium tetani'' may infect wounds, giving rise to [[Tremors and Movement Disorders - Nervous System#Tetanus|tetanus]]
 
 
 
===Diagnosis===
 
 
 
*Anaerobic transport medium
 
*Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
 
*Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide
 
*''C. perfringens'' colonies are surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
 
*Biochemical tests
 
*Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
 
*Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
 
*ELISA, PCR for toxin detection
 

Latest revision as of 10:40, 12 May 2010