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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Muscles - Developmental Pathology]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour =CDE472
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| − | |linkpage =Musculoskeletal System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Musculoskeletal System
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| − | |maplink = Musculoskeletal System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Muscles - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=MUSCLES
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ===Congenital diaphragmatic defects===
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| − | *Clefts may lead to [[Peritoneal Cavity Developmental - Pathology#Pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia|herniation]] of abdominal organs into thoracic cavity in any species
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| − | ===Myofibrillar hypoplasia===
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| − | *In piglets
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| − | * = '''Splayleg'''
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| − | *May spontaneously resolve
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| − | *Unknown cause
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| − | *Responsible for significant deaths
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| − | ===Hyperplasia of muscle fibres===
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| − | *In calves and lambs
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| − | *'''“Double muscling”'''
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| − | **Increased number of myofibres in affected muscle (thighs, rump, loin)
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| − | **Predisposes to dystocia
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| − | ===Muscular dystrophies===
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| − | *Inherited group of degenerative muscular diseases
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| − | *Progressive muscle weakness and wasting
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| − | *Usually due to a genetic fault -> muscular protein deficiency
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| − | **Duchenne MD in humans due to dystrophin deficiency also present in some animals
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| − | **Dystrophin gene mutations reported in the Golden Retriever, Rottweiler, German shorthaired pointer and Irish terrier ''etc.''
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| − | *Inadequate [[Muscle Regeneration - Anatomy & Physiology|regeneration]], [[Muscles Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Hypertrophy|compensatory hypertrophy]]
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| − | *More about [[Muscular dystrophy]]
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| − | ===Glycogen storage diseases===
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| − | *Caused by a deficiency of an enzyme
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| − | *See [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Glycogen infiltration|general pathology]]
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| − | *Type II glycogenosis
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| − | **Deficiency of acid maltase
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| − | **In Shorthorn cattle
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| − | **Muscular weakness and incoordination
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| − | **Glycogen stored in skeletal muscle, heart and CNS
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| − | **Type I and II muscle fibres contain glycogen vacuoles
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| − | *Type III glycogenosis
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| − | **Deficiency of debranching enzyme
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| − | **In dogs
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| − | **Causes [[Myocardial - Pathology#Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] and hepatomegaly
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| − | **Glycogen in skeletal and cardiac muscle, neurons nad hepatocytes
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| − | ===Steatosis===
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| − | *Also called '''lipomatosis'''
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| − | *In cattle, sheep and pigs
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| − | *Fat replaces lost muscle fibres
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| − | *Pale muscle, bilaterally symmetrical
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| − | *No clinical significance
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| − | *Noticed at slaughter or necropsy
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| − | ===Myasthenia gravis (MG)===
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| − | *'''Acquired'''
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| − | **Autoimmune disease
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| − | ***Antibodies directed against acetyl choline receptors
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| − | **Associated with [[Thymus - Pathology|thymomas]], [[Oesophagus - Pathology#Congenital Achalasia - Megaoesophagus|megaoesophagus]] and dysphagia
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| − | **In adult dogs
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| − | *'''Congenital'''
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| − | **Inherited deficiency in acetyl choline receptors
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| − | **Rare
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| − | **Newfoundland, Jack Russel Terrier, Springer Spaniels – genetic predisposition
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| − | **In dogs – 4 DLA genes recognized: DLA-12, DLA-88, DLA-79 and DLA-64
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| − | **Associated with HLA gene in humans
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| − | **No antibodies against acetyl choline receptors in serum
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| − | **Non-specific muscle [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Atrophy|disuse atrophy]] and fibrosis or no changes on histology
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| − | *Both forms manifest as weakness which worsens on exercise
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| − | ===Canine dermatomyositis===
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| − | *Hereditary in Collies and Shetland sheepdgs
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| − | *Lesions resemble [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Canine polymyositis|canine polymyositis]]
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| − | *Also degeneration of blood vessels -> muscle [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|microinfarcts]]
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| − | *Usually generalised but temporalis and other masticatory muscles may be involved the most
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| − | *Microscopically: inclusion bodies in endothelial cells
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| − | *Also involves [[Skin Immunologic - Pathology#Dermatomyositis|skin]]
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| − | ===[[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Porcine stress syndrome|Porcine stress syndrome]]===
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