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| − | |backcolour = f5fffa
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| − | |linkpage =Protozoa
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| − | |linktext =PROTOZOA
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| − | |sublink1 =Flash Cards - WikiBugs
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| − | |subtext1 =WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS
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| − | |pagetype =Bugs
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| − | }}
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| | [[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]] | | [[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]] |
| | + | <big> |
| | + | '''[[Coccidia Flashcards]] |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Protozoa</font>==
| + | '''[[Cryptosporidia Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
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| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
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| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''What are the four different ways protozoa can move?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Cilia'''''
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| − | *'''''Flagellum'''''
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| − | *'''''Pseduopodia'''''
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| − | *'''''Gliding'''''
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| − | ||[[Protozoa#Structure and function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How do protozoa reproduce?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''By binary fission'''''
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| − | *'''''By schizogony'''''
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| − | *'''''By sporogony'''''
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| − | *'''''By gametogeny'''''
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| − | ||[[Protozoa#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue'''''
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| − | *'''''The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)'''''
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| − | *'''''Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)'''''
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| − | *'''''Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote'''''
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| − | *'''''The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious'''''
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| − | ||[[Protozoa#Example of a Protozoal Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Coccidia</font>==
| + | '''[[Giardia Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
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| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
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| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Eimeria'' species?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Direct transmission'''''
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| − | *'''''Faecal-oral route'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Eimeria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Isospora'' species?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route'''''
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| − | *'''''Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts'''''
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| − | **'''''Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Isospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of poultry ''Eimeria'' species?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''1 week'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulation takes 2-3 days'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''Name the malabsorptive ''Eimeria'' species'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. maxima'''''
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| − | *'''''E. acervulina'''''
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| − | *'''''E. mitis'''''
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| − | *'''''E. praecox'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''Name the haemorrhagic ''Eimeria'' species'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. necatrix'''''
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| − | *'''''E. brunetti'''''
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| − | *'''''E. tenella'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does ''E. acervulina, E. maxima'', E. tenella'' and ''E. necatrix'' affect and what kind of lesions are produced?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions'''''
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| − | *'''''E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate'''''
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| − | *'''''E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood'''''
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| − | *'''''E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''What are the two main ''Eimeria'' species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. zuernii'''''
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| − | *'''''E. bovis'''''
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| − | *'''''2-3 week prepatent period'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Cattle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two significant ''Eimeria'' species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''E. ovinoidalis'''''
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| − | *'''''E. crandalis'''''
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| − | *'''''2 week prepatent period'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Sheep|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the most significant species of ''Isospora'' which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''I. suis'''''
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| − | *'''''1 week prepatent period'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Pigs|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the ''Eimeria'' species which affects rabbits inhabit?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''2 inhabit the caecum'''''
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| − | *'''''1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)'''''
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| − | ||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Rabbits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Cryptosporidia</font>==
| + | '''[[Piroplasmida Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''What is the main species of ''Cryptosporidium'' which infects humans and domestic animals?'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''C. parvum'''''
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| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Recognition|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |<big>'''True or False: In ''Cryptosporidium'' infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''
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| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
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| − | *'''''False'''''
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| − | *'''''Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections passed between hosts?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Water-bourne infections'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Autoinfection can also occur'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections prevented?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Isolate and quarantine brought in calves'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens'''''
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| − | *'''''Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Halofuginone and other drug treatments'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Cryptosporidium#Control|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Giardia</font>==
| + | '''[[Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidian Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | </big> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of ''Giardia''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Simple life cycle'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Direct life cycle'''''
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| − | *'''''Reproduce by binary fission'''''
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| − | *'''''5-6 day prepatent period'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How do both people and animals become infected by ''Giardia''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Water bourne transmission'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How would you diagnose a ''Giardia'' infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Giardia#Diagnosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Piroplasmida</font>== | + | ===Protozoa=== |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | <FlashCard questions="3"> |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |q1=What are the four different ways protozoa can move? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | |a1= |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | *Cilia |
| − | |-
| + | *Flagellum |
| − | |<big>'''True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in ''Babesia'' species'''
| + | *Pseduopodia |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | *Gliding |
| − | *'''''True'''''
| + | |l1=Protozoa_Structure_and_Function |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |q2=How do protozoa reproduce? |
| − | |-
| + | |a2= |
| − | |<big>'''What are the recognisable features of small ''Babesia'' species and give and example'''
| + | *By binary fission |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | *By schizogony |
| − | *'''''Peripheral nucleus''''' | + | *By sporogony |
| − | *'''''Obtuse angle''''' | + | *By gametogeny |
| − | *'''''B. divergens''''' | + | |l2=Protozoa_Life_Cycle |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |q3=Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa |
| − | |- | + | |a3= |
| − | |<big>'''What are the recognisable features of large ''Babesia'' species and give and example'''
| + | *The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | *The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony) |
| − | *'''''Central nucleus'''''
| + | *Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny) |
| − | *'''''Acute angle'''''
| + | *Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote |
| − | *'''''B. major'''''
| + | *The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | *Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious |
| − | |-
| + | |l3=Protozoa_Life_Cycle |
| − | |<big>'''What are the predisposing features to ''Babesia'' infection?'''
| + | </FlashCard> |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected ticks introduced into a clean area''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks''''' | |
| − | *'''''Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)''''' | |
| − | *'''''Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''What are the different vectors for ''Babesia'' species?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Haemaphysalis for B. major'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What species are the natural vectors for ''Cytauxzoon''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Ticks''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Where do schizonts of ''Cytauxzoon felis'' develop?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''In macrophages'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva''?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''East Coast Fever''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva'' and what is the intermediate host?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''East Coast Fever''''' | |
| − | *'''''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the pathogenesis of ''Theileria parva'' infections?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Proliferation in the lymphoblasts''''' | |
| − | *'''''Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Lymphocyte depletion''''' | |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Theileria parva'' infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''Pyreia'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Enlarged local lymph node'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Loss of condition'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia</font>== | + | ===Tropical Protozoa=== |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Tropical Protozoa</font>== | + | <FlashCard questions="8"> |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Other Important Protozoa</font>== | + | |q1=What species transmits Leishmania? |
| | + | |a1= |
| | + | *Sandflies |
| | + | *Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World |
| | + | *Lutzomyia spp. in the New World |
| | + | |l1=Leishmania |
| | + | |q2=Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of? |
| | + | |a2=Macrophages |
| | + | |l2=Leishmania |
| | + | |q3=What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections? |
| | + | |a3= |
| | + | *Cutaneous form |
| | + | **Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears |
| | + | *Visceral form |
| | + | **Eczema |
| | + | **Fever |
| | + | **Generalised lympadenopathy |
| | + | |l3=Leishmania |
| | + | |q4=How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections? |
| | + | |a4= |
| | + | *Chemotherapy |
| | + | *Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides |
| | + | *Destruction of infected and stray dogs |
| | + | |l4=Leishmania |
| | + | |q5=Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans? |
| | + | |a5= |
| | + | *Nagana in cattle (wasting disease) |
| | + | *Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums |
| | + | *Sleeping sickness in humans |
| | + | |l5=Trypanosoma |
| | + | |q6=Fill in the missing words about ''trypanosoma'' infections? |
| | + | <p>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? and ??? of ???. This is also known as ??? development. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? of ??? bugs, keds and ???. This is also known as ??? development.</p> |
| | + | |a6= |
| | + | *proboscis |
| | + | *foregut |
| | + | *Tsetse flies |
| | + | *anterior station |
| | + | *hindgut |
| | + | *Triatomid |
| | + | *tabanids |
| | + | *posterior station |
| | + | |l6=Trypanosoma |
| | + | |q7=What are the general clinical signs of ''trypanosoma'' infections? |
| | + | |a7= |
| | + | *Anaemia |
| | + | *Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen |
| | + | *Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs |
| | + | *Loss of body condition |
| | + | *Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses |
| | + | *Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats |
| | + | |l7=Trypanosoma |
| | + | |q8=How are ''trypanosoma'' infections diagnosed? |
| | + | |a8= |
| | + | *Giemsa stained smears |
| | + | *Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes |
| | + | *Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface |
| | + | |l8=Trypanosoma |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | + | |
| | + | ===Other Important Protozoa=== |
| | + | <FlashCard questions="9"> |
| | + | |q1=What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found? |
| | + | |a1= |
| | + | *Ciliate protozoan |
| | + | *Commensal organism |
| | + | *Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans |
| | + | |l1=Balantidium |
| | + | |q2=How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections? |
| | + | |a2= |
| | + | *Faecal smear for oocysts |
| | + | *Zeihl-Neelson stain positive |
| | + | *Oocysts autoflouresce |
| | + | |l2=Cyclospora |
| | + | |q3=How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver? |
| | + | |a3= |
| | + | *Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream |
| | + | *Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses |
| | + | |l3=Entamoeba |
| | + | |q4=What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species? |
| | + | |a4= |
| | + | *Causes Blackhead |
| | + | *Affects turkeys |
| | + | *Chickens are asymptomatic carriers |
| | + | |l4=Histomonas |
| | + | |q5=In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried? |
| | + | |a5=Heterakis gallinarum |
| | + | |l5=Histomonas |
| | + | |q6=What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections? |
| | + | |a6= |
| | + | *Ante-mortem |
| | + | **Cyanotic head and wattles |
| | + | **Yellow droppings |
| | + | *Post Mortem |
| | + | **Necrotic mucosa in caecum |
| | + | **1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver |
| | + | |l6=Histomonas |
| | + | |q7=What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections? |
| | + | |a7= |
| | + | *Head-tilt |
| | + | *Incontinence |
| | + | *Uveitis |
| | + | *Cataracts |
| | + | *But mostly asymptomatic |
| | + | |l7=Microsporidia |
| | + | |q8=How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted? |
| | + | |a8=Venerally |
| | + | |l8=Tritrichomonas foetus |
| | + | |q9=Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle? |
| | + | |a9= |
| | + | *Uterus of cows |
| | + | *Preputial cavity of bulls |
| | + | |l9=Tritrichomonas foetus |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | + | [[Category:Protozoa]][[Category:Parasite Flashcards]] |
