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− | {{unfinished}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]] |
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− | {{toplink
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− | |backcolour =
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− | |linkpage =Fungi
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− | |linktext =FUNGI
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− | |pagetype=Bugs
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− | }}
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− | <br>
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− | ==Adiaspiromycosis==
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− | *Haplomycosis
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− | *''Emmonsia crescens''
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− | **Does not proliferate within the animal body
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− | **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''
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− | *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''
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− | *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis
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− | *Worldwide
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− | *Found in soil
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− | *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals
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− | *Respiratory infection
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− | *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen
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− | *Dimorphic
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− | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
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− | ==Aspergillosis==
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− | *''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]], also [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]], [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch mycosis]]
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− | *Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
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− | *May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
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− | ==Blastomycosis==
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− | *North America
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− | **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states
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− | *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''
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− | *Widespread in soil
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− | *Respiratory infection
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− | *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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− | **Haematogenous dissemination
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− | **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia
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− | **Fatal if not treated
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− | *Lesions are also found on the skin
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− | *These may ulcerate
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− | *Granulomatous nodules
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− | *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)
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− | **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species
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− | *Microscopically:
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− | **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells
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− | **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base
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− | **Double contoured effect of cells
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− | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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− | **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black
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− | ***Septate hyphae
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− | ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia
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− | ***Older cultures have thickened walls
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− | **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled
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− | ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen
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− | *Diagnosis:
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− | **Complement fixation test
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− | **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis
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− | **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used
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− | *Treatment:
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− | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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− | **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]
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− | ==Coccidioidomycosis==
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− | *''Coccidioides immitis''
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− | *Ocurs in the soil
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− | **Respiratory infections
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− | **Most commonly seen following dust storms
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− | *Occurs in arid regions
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− | **E.g. South West USA and Mexico
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− | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
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− | *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans
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− | *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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− | **Dissemination can occur to other organs
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− | *Causes nodule or granuloma formation
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− | **Localised
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− | **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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− | **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]]
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− | *Thick-walled spherules in tissue
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− | **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules
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− | *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells
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− | **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue
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− | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
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− | **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour
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− | *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used
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− | **A positive skin test indicates exposure
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− | ==Entomophthoromycisus==
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− | *Basidiobolmycosis
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− | *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi
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− | *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue
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− | *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes
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− | *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest
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− | **Fistulous tracts
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− | **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
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− | *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time
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− | *Microscopically:
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− | **Septate hyphae
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− | *Treatment:
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− | **Surgical excision
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− | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]
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− | ==Histoplasmosis==
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− | *''Histoplasma capsulatum''
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− | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
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− | *Commonly pulmonary infections occur
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− | **Other organs can be involved
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− | **Involves the reticuloendothelial system
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− | **Intestinal form can also occur
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− | *Acute and chronic disease can occur
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− | *Endemic to the USA
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− | **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
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− | *Respiratory infection
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− | **Infection via ingestion can also occur
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− | *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
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− | *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
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− | *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
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− | *Dimorphic fungi
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− | *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
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− | **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
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− | *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
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− | **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
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− | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
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− | **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
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− | *Also grows on Blood agar
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− | **Small, white yeast-like colonies
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− | *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
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− | **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
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− | *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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− | **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
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− | *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
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− | ==Zygomycosis==
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− | *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
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− | *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
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− | **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
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− | **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
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− | **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
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− | **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
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− | *Occurs widely in nature
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− | *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
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− | *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
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− | **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
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− | **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
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− | *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
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− | *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
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− | *Pigs
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− | **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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− | **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
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− | **Can also be present in gastric ulcers
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− | *Cattle
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− | **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
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− | **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
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− | **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
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− | *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
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− | *Microscopically:
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− | **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
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− | **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
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− | **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
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− | **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
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− | **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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− | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
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− | **Common contaminants
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− | *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
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− | **Surgery is also an option in treatment
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− | ==Further Links==
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− | *[[Antifungal Drugs]]
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