Difference between revisions of "Congenital and Neonatal Disease - Pathology"
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(New page: {{review}} {{toplink |linkpage =General Pathology |linktext =General Pathology |maplink = General Pathology (Content Map) |pagetype =Pathology }} <br> ==Introduction== * Changes in the p...) |
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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===Chromosomal Defects=== | ===Chromosomal Defects=== | ||
− | * Although malformations can be caused by chromosomal abnormalitis, these often result in early abortion or resorption. | + | * Although malformations can be caused by [[:Category:Reproductive Disorders|chromosomal abnormalitis]], these often result in early abortion or resorption. |
===Viral Diseases=== | ===Viral Diseases=== | ||
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===Drugs=== | ===Drugs=== | ||
− | * Griseofulvin | + | * [[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofulvin|Griseofulvin]] |
− | ** Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' ) | + | ** Used to treat "ringworm" ([[Dermatophytosis|dermatophytosis]]). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' ) |
** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen. | ** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen. | ||
* Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations. | * Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations. | ||
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===Nutritional Deficiencies=== | ===Nutritional Deficiencies=== | ||
− | ====Copper Deficiency==== | + | ====[[Copper Deficiency]]==== |
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====Vitamin Deficiencies==== | ====Vitamin Deficiencies==== | ||
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* The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity. | * The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity. | ||
− | ===Bulldog Calf=== | + | ===[[Chondrodysplasia|Bulldog Calf]]=== |
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− | ===Cleft Palate=== | + | ===[[Cleft Palate]]=== |
− | + | ===[[Cystic Kidney]]=== | |
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− | === | + | ===[[Spina Bifida]]=== |
− | + | ===[[Hydrocephalus]]=== | |
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− | === | + | ===[[Cerebellar Hypoplasia]]=== |
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===Skeletal Malformations=== | ===Skeletal Malformations=== | ||
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===Skin Defects=== | ===Skin Defects=== | ||
− | * E.g. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta | + | * E.g. [[Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta|Epitheliogenesis imperfecta]]. |
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===Muscular Defects=== | ===Muscular Defects=== | ||
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** Called "shistosoma". | ** Called "shistosoma". | ||
− | ===Cardiac Defects=== | + | ===[[:Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology|Cardiac Defects]]=== |
* There are several possible types of cardiac defects. | * There are several possible types of cardiac defects. | ||
** These include: | ** These include: | ||
*** Patency between chambers | *** Patency between chambers | ||
− | *** Persistent right aortic arch | + | *** [[PRAA|Persistent right aortic arch]] |
− | *** | + | *** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]] |
===Sexual Organ Malformation=== | ===Sexual Organ Malformation=== | ||
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** Hermaphrodites | ** Hermaphrodites | ||
** Pseudohermaphrodites | ** Pseudohermaphrodites | ||
− | ** Freemartinism in females calves. | + | ** [[Bovine Freemartinism|Freemartinism in females calves]]. |
===Metabolic Diseases=== | ===Metabolic Diseases=== | ||
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* These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells. | * These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells. | ||
* Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System. | * Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System. | ||
+ | |||
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+ | [[Category:Reproductive System - Developmental Pathology]] |
Latest revision as of 14:23, 20 July 2011
Introduction
- Changes in the patterns of growth and differentation result in growth disorders.
- These changes may be in single cells, tissues or organs.
- There are two types of growth disorders.
- Malformations
- Occur during gestation.
- Congenital
- Detected at birth.
- Malformations
- Some growth disorders have a heriditary input.
- Occur as a result of genetically transmitted disease.
- Some growth disorders occur as a sequl to a variety of insults to the foetus during gestation.
- Only a few malformations are readily accessible to surgical correction.
Causes of Malformations
- There are many causes of malformations in animals.
- If the insult occurs early in gestation and is sufficiently severe, it will result in foetal death, resorption and infertility.
- If the insult occurs late in gestation, the malformation will be more limited and the foetus usually survives.
Chromosomal Defects
- Although malformations can be caused by chromosomal abnormalitis, these often result in early abortion or resorption.
Viral Diseases
- Some viruses are able to cross the placenta and cause damage to foetal tissues.
- For example:
- Border Disease Virus in lambs.
- Cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens caused by parvovirus.
Toxins
- For example, toxic plants ingested by the dam during pregnancy.
- Veratrum californicum
- May produce cyclopia in lambs when ingested by the dam in early pregnancy.
- Veratrum californicum
Drugs
- Griseofulvin
- Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
- Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.
- Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.
Ionising Radiation
- For example, X-rays.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Copper Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiencies
- Vit. A and D deficiency can result in skeletal malformations.
Physical Factors
- For example, adhesions between foetal membranes or umbilical cord.
- Can result in amputation of skeletal segments.
- Especially around limbs.
- Can result in amputation of skeletal segments.
Anoxia
- Lack of oxygen in gestation can result in malformations.
Malformations
Cyclops
- The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.
Bulldog Calf
Cleft Palate
Cystic Kidney
Spina Bifida
Hydrocephalus
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Skeletal Malformations
- There are numerous skeletal malformations.
- Include:
- Absence of bones
- Deformation
- Shortening
- Duplication
- Hypoplasia
Skin Defects
Muscular Defects
- E.g. defects in the thoracoabdominal walls resulting in exterioration of internal viscera.
- Called "shistosoma".
Cardiac Defects
- There are several possible types of cardiac defects.
- These include:
- Patency between chambers
- Persistent right aortic arch
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- These include:
Sexual Organ Malformation
- E.g.:
- Hermaphrodites
- Pseudohermaphrodites
- Freemartinism in females calves.
Metabolic Diseases
- "Storage" diseases.
- Vital enzymes are missing or defective within all cells.
- These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.
- Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.