|
|
| (14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{unfinished}} | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Paramyxoviridae |
| | + | |pagebody = |
| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | | | |
| − | ==Morphology== | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Paramyxoviridae</categorytree> |
| − | *Single-stranded negative-sense unsegmented RNA virus
| + | |logo = |
| − | *Reassortment and antigenic shift cannot occur
| + | }} |
| − | *Spike proteins include
| |
| − | **'''HN''' (Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase)
| |
| − | **'''F''' (Fusion glycoprotein), which allows the virus to fuse directly to the plasma membrane and release its RNA
| |
| − | ***F also causes syncitium to form, which aids diagnosis
| |
| − | ***Host antibody response to the F protein is the basis for vaccination
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Virulence==
| |
| − | *Paramyxoviruses replicate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract as well as occasionally in the gut
| |
| − | **Sites of spike protein cleavage
| |
| − | *Virulence varies by virus, see below
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===Types and Subtypes== | + | {{Learning |Vetstream = <p>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00215.asp Canine Distemper]</p><p>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00210.asp Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2]</p>}} |
| − | Paramoyxoviridae was reclassified in 2000 to include 2 subfamilies and 5 genera, of interest including:
| |
| − | *Subfamily: ''[[Paramoyxovirinae]]'':
| |
| | | | |
| − | *Subfamily: ''Pneumovirinae''
| + | [[Category:Viral Organisms]] |
| − | **[[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)|Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]
| |
| − | **Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Antigenic Variation==
| |
| − | *Antigenic conservation allows some cross protection by vaccination:
| |
| − | **Conservation of major virus-specific F/HN antigens means vaccines protect against '''all isolates''' of the same virus
| |
| − | **Minor morbillivirus-specific epitopes on F allows some cross protection between '''canine distemper, measles, and rinderpest'''
| |
| − | *Antigenic "fingerprinting" is possible for some viruses based on minor variable epitopes of HN, F and NP on specific isolates as detected by monoclonal antibodies
| |
| − | **These are detected by immunostaining infected cells
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Paramyxoviridae by Species==
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Avian==
| |
| − | ===[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Canine==
| |
| − | ===[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Bovine==
| |
| − | ===[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Equine==
| |
| − | ===Hendra Virus===
| |
| − | *Equine Paramyxovirus
| |
| − | *Causes [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|respiratory infections]] with respiratory distress and paralysis
| |
| − | *Potentially zoonotic (beware palpating inside the throat for obstruction)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Porcine==
| |
| − | ===Nipah Virus===
| |
| − | *Infects pigs and humans
| |
| − | *Humans exposed to pig blood are at risk
| |
| − | *Causes porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome in pigs
| |
| − | *Zoonosis transmitted by fruit bats
| |
| − | *Nipah virus is an emerging disease with the first outbreak in 1999 in Malaysia
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Reptiles==
| |
| − | ===Reptilian Paramyxoviruses===
| |
| − | *Infect central nervous system and lungs
| |
| − | *Kill particularly '''snakes'''
| |
| − | *Healthy reptiles may be carriers
| |
| − | *Testing by serology - '''HI test'''
| |
| − | *Aim to keep virus free collection and prevent spread back into the wild
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Rodentia==
| |
| − | ===Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)===
| |
| − | *Endemic in many '''mouse''' colonies
| |
| − | *Most mice show no symptoms due to maternal antibodies
| |
| − | *But minor respiratory lesions may invalidate carcinogenic or toxicological studies
| |
| − | *Immunological studies also confused due to virus activating [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Natural Killer (NK) Cells|NK cells]] via high circulating [[Innate Immune System - WikiBlood#Interferons|IF]] 3-4 days post-infection
| |
| − | *Control achieved by:
| |
| − | **Purchasing '''specific pathogen free (SPF)''' mice
| |
| − | **Kill whole colony in an outbreak -> disinfection -> formalin fumigation
| |
| − | | |
| − | =Other resources=
| |
| − | *[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec3401/index.htm On line Paramyxoviridae lecture by P. Russell]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Viruses]]
| |
