Difference between revisions of "Category:Teeth - Pathology"

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==Introduction==
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See [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|anatomy and physiology of the teeth]]
 
  
==Functional Anatomy==
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[[File:Toothinfection.gif|200px]]
  
*The [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology|gingival crevice]] is an important site for disease processes in mouth to begin.
 
  
*In ruminants and rodents [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] may fail to oppose properly or to allow side to side movement of jaws. This produces uneven wear (especially in horse). Sharp edges are produced on the outside of the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] in the upper jaw and inside of the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] in the lower jaw, which causes painful feeding and inanition (not eating).
 
**Approximately 75% of wasting horses have dental abnormalities.
 
 
*This is not a problem in carnivores as do they not use [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] for [[Mastication|mastication]].
 
 
*If a [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] is lost the opposing [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] may become very long and stop mouth closing properly. 
 
**Seen mostly in rodents - [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] may even penetrate through [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lip]].
 
 
==Defence Mechanisms==
 
 
==Developmental Pathology==
 
===[[Erythropoietic Porphyra]].===
 
 
 
===[[Photosensitisation]]===
 
 
 
===[[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]]===
 
 
 
===[[Abnormal Numbers of Teeth]]===
 
 
==Infection of teeth==
 
 
 
 
===[[Alveolar Periostitis]]===
 
 
==Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous Inflammation==
 
===[[Mandibular Osteomyelitis]]===
 
 
 
===Odontoclastic resorptive lesions===
 
*Cats
 
**Odontoclasts attack external and internal to the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]].
 
**Initially start at the neck/cervical region and extend into [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]] [[Root - Anatomy & Physiology|root]] and also enter the [[Root - Anatomy & Physiology|root]] via the apical foramen (stage 3 lesions)
 
**20%+ of cats have them
 
**Different from caries – demineralization by bacteria fermenting CHO on the [[Enamel - Anatomy & Physiology|enamel]].
 
**ORLs – only occur when odontoclasts resorb the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]]/bone
 
***continues with remodeling of [[Alveolar bone - Anatomy & Physiology|alveolar bone]] until ankylosis
 
*** fixation of [[Periodontal ligament - Anatomy & Physiology|periodontal ligament]] and [[Lamina dura - Anatomy & Physiology|lamina dura]] so that the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]] is permanently fixed to the bone.
 
*Odontoclasts normally only active in young animals to resorb the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Temporary Tooth|deciduous teeth]] to make way for the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Permanent Tooth|permanent teeth]] – so represents abnormal activation in adults.
 
*Can have inflammatory infiltrates into the resportive lesions
 
 
==Eosinophilic Inflammation==
 
==Necrotizing Inflammation==
 
==Lymphocytic and plasmacytic Inflammation==
 
==Proliferative Pathology==
 
===Hyperplastic===
 
====Focal fibrous hyperplasia<ref name="epulides1"> </ref>====
 
*44% of cases.
 
*Dense collagenous tissue, with ulceration/superficial inflammation
 
*Dystrophic calcificaition within the fibrous connective tissue stroma (often highly cellular, with 'young stellate fibroblasts'
 
*No odontogenic epithelium seen.
 
*Occasional strands of surface epithelium growing down into the stroma.
 
*Most of these were previously diagnosed as fibromatous or ossifying epulides.
 
 
===Neoplastic===
 
====Peripheral odontogenic fibroma<ref name="epulides1">J Comp. Path. 1992 (106),  169-182  The  Histological  Nature  of  Epulides  in  Dogs  F.  J.  M.  Verstraete*,  A.  J.  Ligthelmf  and  A.  WeberT. ... review of 154 oral 'epulis' from dogs reviewed with the current (at the time) human literature.</ref>====
 
[[Image:epulis.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Canine Epulis (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
 
*aka: Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin
 
*17% of cases.
 
*Proliferation of fibrous tissue with variety of osteoid, [[Cementum - Anatomy & Physiology|cementum]] or [[Dentine - Anatomy & Physiology|dentine]]-like material.
 
*Isolated strands or islands of odontogenic epithelium always present (ie: suggesting induction of connective tissue by the epithelial cells).
 
*The stroma contains neoplastic fibroblasts, with varying cellularity.
 
*The overlying epitheluim is normal.
 
 
====Peripheral ameloblastoma<ref name="epulides1"> </ref>====
 
[[Image:ameloblastoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Ameloblastoma (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
 
*aka: basal cell carcinoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, acanthomatous epulis
 
*18% of cases.
 
*Islands and sheets of mature odontogenic epithelium within a collagenous fibrous connective tissue stroma of low/moderate cellularity.
 
*Each of the islands bounded by a row of tall columnnar cells.
 
*These palisading cells exhibit polarisation away from the basement membrane and had cytoplasmic vacuolation.
 
*Central cells had a basaloid appearance.
 
*Often infiiltrating into the underlying bone.
 
*Synonymous with basal cell carcinoma.
 
 
====Central ameloblastoma<ref name="epulides1"> </ref>====
 
*Different from peripheral ameloblastoma - cystic changes and follicular arrangement of ameloblasts and stellate reticulum cells, resembling the basic structure of the [[Tooth Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|enamel organ]].
 
 
==Degenerative Pathology==
 
===Odontodystrophy===
 
 
*Damage to [[Ameloblasts - Anatomy & Physiology|ameloblasts]] (which form [[Enamel - Anatomy & Physiology|enamel]]) in utero upsets permanent incisor formation.
 
*[[Enamel - Anatomy & Physiology|Enamel]] is marked by pits, lines etc.
 
 
====In ruminants:====
 
*Damage to [[Enamel - Anatomy & Physiology|enamel]] formation most often caused by fluoride poisoning. 
 
*Seen in cattle grazing on pasture contaminated by cement works effluent.
 
*Chalky mottling and yellow brown pitting of [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]].
 
 
====In canines:====
 
[[Image:enamal-hypoplasia.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small>Enamal Hypoplasia Following a CDV infection (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))<center></center></small>]]
 
Very severe systemic disease early in life / or in utero may result in severe discoloration or pitting of [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] due to effect on [[Enamel - Anatomy & Physiology|enamel]] formation. (e.g. [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper in dog]])
 
 
==Metabolic Pathology==
 
 
==Nutritiona Pathology==
 
 
==Traumatic Pathology==
 
 
==Vascular Pathology==
 
==References==
 
<small>
 
With thanks to Andrew Jefferies (Cambridge) and Alun Williams (RVC) for providing access to their lecture materials
 
<references/>
 
</small>
 
==Learning Tools==
 
[[Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology#Teeth Flashcards|Teeth Flashcards]]
 
 
[[Category:Oral_Cavity_and_Gingiva_-_Pathology]]
 
[[Category:Oral_Cavity_and_Gingiva_-_Pathology]]

Latest revision as of 15:34, 25 April 2014

Subcategories

This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

Pages in category "Teeth - Pathology"

The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total.