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Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 16:23, 11 January 2011
, 16:23, 11 January 2011→Muscles of the Hindlimb
The strongest muscle of the girdle.
The strongest muscle of the girdle.
Function: Flexion of the hip and outward rotation of the stifle. ie. draws hindlimb forward
Function: Flexion of the hip and outward rotation of the stifle. ie. draws hindlimb forward.
In all animals, except carnivores, where they are fused, the muscle can be divided into two distinct parts.
The '''Greater Psoas''' - the lumbar portion.
Origin: last thoracic vertebrae and ribs and the bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
Insertion: Incorporates with iliac muscle and inserts on the lesser trochanter.
It is positioned dorsally to the psoas minor and ventral to the quadrate lumbar muscle.
The '''iliac muscle'''
Origin: wing and shaft of ilium.
Insertion: via the common iliopsoas tendon to the lesser trochanter of the femur.
The muscle passes through the '''muscular lacuna'''; an opening between the os coxae laterally and caudally, the rectus abdominus medially and the iliac fascia cranially.
The '''quadrate lumbar''' muscle
Function: stabilisation of the lumbar vertebral column.
Origin: Ventral aspect of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the proximal ends of the ribs.
Insertion: Ventral aspect of the wings of the ilium and sacrum.
===Rump Muscles===
===Rump Muscles===
The rump muscles main function is to extend the hip and some also extend the stifle and tarsus. They can be grouped into four distinct groups; the gluteals, the hamstrings, the medial muscles of the thigh and the inner pelvic muscles.
The rump muscles main function is to extend the hip and some also extend the stifle and tarsus. They can be grouped into four distinct groups; the gluteals, the hamstrings, the medial muscles of the thigh and the inner pelvic muscles.
===='''The Gluteals'''====
They lie over the lateral and caudal aspect of the pelvic wall and extend between the thigh and ilium.
They lie over the lateral and caudal aspect of the pelvic wall and extend between the thigh and ilium.
'''''Superficial Gluteal Muscle'''''
'''''Superficial Gluteal Muscle'''''
This muscle shows great species variance and will be explained on their respective homepages.
Function - Extension of the hip, also retraction of the limb and supports outward rotation.
'''''Gluteofemoral Muscle'''''
'''''Gluteofemoral Muscle'''''
This muscle only exists in the cat.
Function - Retraction and abduction of the limb and hip extension.
Origin - 2nd-4th caudal vertebrae.
Insertion - Lateral aspect of patella and fascia lata via an aponeurosis.
Location - Between the superficial gluteal muscle and biceps muscle of the thigh.
'''''Middle Gluteal Muscle'''''
'''''Middle Gluteal Muscle'''''
This muscle also shows great species variance, though all species have a superficial and deep portion that are seperated by a tendinous sheet. Both tendons on their site of insertion are protected by a synovial bursa.
Function - most powerful extensor of the hip, also abducts and retracts the limb.
'''''Piriform Muscle'''''
'''''Piriform Muscle'''''
This is fused to the middle gluteal muscle except in carnivores.
Function - Extensor of hip and abducter of the limb.
Origin - last sacral vertebrae and sacrotuberous ligament.
Insertion - just distal to the greater trochanter on the lateral aspect of the femur.
Location - caudal and medial to the middle gluteal and is covered by the superficial gluteal.
'''Deep Gluteal Muscle'''
'''Deep Gluteal Muscle'''
Function - abduction of the limb.
Origin - lateral aspect of the ilial shaft.
Insertion - via a short tendon to the greater trochanter.
'''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
'''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
This muscle shows great species variance.
Function - flexion of the hip and extension of the stifle.
===='''The Hamstrings'''====
===='''The Hamstrings'''====