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*Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''
 
*Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%) and ''Pasteurella multocida'']]
+
*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%)]] and ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''
 
*In young, growing cattle
 
*In young, growing cattle
 
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
 
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
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***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
 
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
 
**Bacteria
 
**Bacteria
***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
+
***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
+
***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
 
***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
 
***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
 
***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
 
***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
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===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===
 
===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===
   −
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
+
*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
 
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
 
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
 
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
 
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''  
 
**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''  
 
***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
 
***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|
+
**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
   
***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
 
***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
 
*Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
 
*Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
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*2 forms of the disease
 
*2 forms of the disease
 
**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
 
**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
+
***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
 
***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
 
***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
 
**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
 
**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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*Cough, reduced growth rate
 
*Cough, reduced growth rate
 
*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
 
*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
*Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
+
*Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
 
*Gross pathology:
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
 
**Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
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===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
 
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
   −
*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs  
+
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs  
 
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
 
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
 
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]]  with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
 
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]]  with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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===Snuffles===
 
===Snuffles===
   −
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
+
*Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
 
*Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
 
*Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
  
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