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==Description==  

==Description==  

A highly malignant neoplasia that readily metastasizes to the medial iliac lymph nodes. Around 50% may lead to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid hormone-related peptide. The tumours can be between 1 and 10cm in size and 50% of them will metastasize.  

A highly malignant neoplasia that readily metastasizes to the medial iliac lymph nodes. Around 50% may lead to [[Hypercalcaemia - Small Animal |paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia]] due to parathyroid hormone-related peptide(PTH-rP) . The tumours can be between 1 and 10cm in size and 50% of them will metastasize.  

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

===Laboratory Tests===

===Laboratory Tests===

Serum Biochemistry

Serum Biochemistry

Hypercalcaemia is present in 50%-90% of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma. This is thought to occur due to the expression of a gene for  parathyroid hormone-related peptide(PTH-rP)by the tumour. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide(PTH-rP)has actions similar to parathyroid hormone where it acts to increase calcium levels in the blood. . In severe cases of hypercalcaemia organ function can become impaired 

Hypercalcaemia is present in 50%-90% of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma. This is thought to occur due to the expression of a gene for  parathyroid hormone-related peptide by the tumour. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide has actions similar to parathyroid hormone, it acts to increase calcium levels in the blood. In severe cases of hypercalcaemia organ function can become compromised, changing other organ parameters on the biochemistry panel.

 

Urinalysis

Urinalysis

===Biopsy===

===Biopsy===

Ultrasound guided needle biopsy to aspirate the effected lymph nodes.

Ultrasound guided needle biopsy and histopathology of the effected lymph nodes.

 

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

The treatment of choice is surgical excision if the patient is normocalcaemic without any metastases. The success will depend upon the size of the mass.  

The treatment of choice is surgical excision if the patient is normocalcaemic without any metastases. The success will depend upon the size of the mass.  

===Adjuvant radiotherapy===

===Adjuvant radiotherapy===

Can reduce the local recurrence and used if excision is incomplete. However it may lead to radiation-induced colitis.

Can reduce the local recurrence and used if excision is incomplete. Radiotherapy, however may lead to radiation-induced colitis.

===Palliative chemotherapy===

===Palliative chemotherapy===