Difference between revisions of "Nutraceuticals in Behaviour"
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A nutraceutical is defined as "a substance that is produced in purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function and administered with the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals.<ref>Anonymous. Council defines "nutraceutical." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1996; 209:1986.</ref>" | A nutraceutical is defined as "a substance that is produced in purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function and administered with the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals.<ref>Anonymous. Council defines "nutraceutical." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1996; 209:1986.</ref>" | ||
The majority of nutraceuticals have possible benefits as opposed to proven benefits. Nutraceuticals are not regulated in the same way as pharmaceuticals and do not have to undergo the same rigorous testing to be approved. | The majority of nutraceuticals have possible benefits as opposed to proven benefits. Nutraceuticals are not regulated in the same way as pharmaceuticals and do not have to undergo the same rigorous testing to be approved. | ||
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==Alpha-casozepine== | ==Alpha-casozepine== | ||
Alpha-casozepine has been found to be extremely useful in the treatment of anxiety, where its efficacy has been shown to be on a par with selegiline<ref>Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Diaz, C., et al. Comparison of the effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) versus selegiline hydrochloride on anxiety disorders in dogs. J Vet Behav 2007;2:175-83.</ref> as well as fear related behaviour<ref>Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Coll, V., et al. Effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) on anxiety in cats. J Vet Behav 2007;2:40-6.</ref> in cats in conjunction with behavioural modification techniques. Alpha-casozepine is available as a supplement or as part of a commercial diet. It is a trypsin hydrolysate of alpha-S1 casein found in milk. | Alpha-casozepine has been found to be extremely useful in the treatment of anxiety, where its efficacy has been shown to be on a par with selegiline<ref>Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Diaz, C., et al. Comparison of the effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) versus selegiline hydrochloride on anxiety disorders in dogs. J Vet Behav 2007;2:175-83.</ref> as well as fear related behaviour<ref>Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Coll, V., et al. Effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) on anxiety in cats. J Vet Behav 2007;2:40-6.</ref> in cats in conjunction with behavioural modification techniques. Alpha-casozepine is available as a supplement or as part of a commercial diet. It is a trypsin hydrolysate of alpha-S1 casein found in milk. | ||
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==Cognitive Boosters== | ==Cognitive Boosters== | ||
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==Tryptophan== | ==Tryptophan== | ||
Tryptophan is an amino acid which is used to form serotonin. Low levels of tryptophan in the diet are thought to be linked to a fall in serotonin levels. This may have an affect on mood and can be used in alongside conventional pharmacological treatments, however care should be taken to look for any signs of serotonin syndrome. Studies have shown a reduction in behaviours related to stress and a decrease in signs of anxiety in cats supplemented with L-tryptophan<ref>Da Graca Pereira, G., Fragoso, S., L-tryptophan supplementation and its effect of multi-housed cats and working dogs. Proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting. Hamburg, 2010, 30-35.</ref><ref>Kato, M., Miyaji, K., Ohtani, N., et al. Effects of prescription diet on dealing with stressful situations and performance of anxiety-related behaviours in privately owned anxious dogs. 2012; 7:21-6</ref>Tryptophan can be added to the diet or is available at higher levels in some commercial diets. | Tryptophan is an amino acid which is used to form serotonin. Low levels of tryptophan in the diet are thought to be linked to a fall in serotonin levels. This may have an affect on mood and can be used in alongside conventional pharmacological treatments, however care should be taken to look for any signs of serotonin syndrome. Studies have shown a reduction in behaviours related to stress and a decrease in signs of anxiety in cats supplemented with L-tryptophan<ref>Da Graca Pereira, G., Fragoso, S., L-tryptophan supplementation and its effect of multi-housed cats and working dogs. Proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting. Hamburg, 2010, 30-35.</ref><ref>Kato, M., Miyaji, K., Ohtani, N., et al. Effects of prescription diet on dealing with stressful situations and performance of anxiety-related behaviours in privately owned anxious dogs. 2012; 7:21-6</ref>Tryptophan can be added to the diet or is available at higher levels in some commercial diets. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:35, 23 June 2014
Overview
A nutraceutical is defined as "a substance that is produced in purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function and administered with the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals.[1]" The majority of nutraceuticals have possible benefits as opposed to proven benefits. Nutraceuticals are not regulated in the same way as pharmaceuticals and do not have to undergo the same rigorous testing to be approved.
Alpha-casozepine
Alpha-casozepine has been found to be extremely useful in the treatment of anxiety, where its efficacy has been shown to be on a par with selegiline[2] as well as fear related behaviour[3] in cats in conjunction with behavioural modification techniques. Alpha-casozepine is available as a supplement or as part of a commercial diet. It is a trypsin hydrolysate of alpha-S1 casein found in milk.
Cognitive Boosters
Many products aimed at improving cognitive function of older animals are mixtures of multiple ingredients such as antioxidants, mitochondrial cofactors, fatty acids (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids - omega 3 and 6 oils) amongst others which are generally thought to have a positive effect on the development of cognitive dysfunction. Additional ingredients which may be found in a supplement or diet with the aim of slowing cognitive dysfunction include vitamins C, E and B6, choline, phosphatidylcholine, alpha-lipoid acid, resveratrol, gingkobiloba, carnitine and flavonoids and carotenoids.
Products which are more specific and focus on an active ingredient include those with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) which is thought to improve depression in humans[4] and apoaequorin. Care should be taken when using SAMe in conjunction with behavioural drugs such as clomipramine a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and fluoxetine a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) as it may augment serotonin levels and therefore potentially cause toxicity due to serotonin syndrome.
L-theanine
Naturally found in green tea L-theanine is used to help treat anxiety. It is thought to increase GABA and block glutamate, therefore reducing its excitatory effects. In cats it has been used to treat behavioural problems including inappropriate elimination, fear and aggression both towards humans and other cats and has also been shown to help with the physical effects of anxiety[5]. To date there have been no drug interactions or side effects with use[6]. Benefits are usually seen approximately after 14-30 days of use.
Melatonin
There are reports that melatonin can be helpful in the treatment of anxiety, fear of loud noises[7] and problems with sleeping patterns in dogs and cats, however further research is needed to strengthen these claims and their level of effectiveness.
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is an amino acid which is used to form serotonin. Low levels of tryptophan in the diet are thought to be linked to a fall in serotonin levels. This may have an affect on mood and can be used in alongside conventional pharmacological treatments, however care should be taken to look for any signs of serotonin syndrome. Studies have shown a reduction in behaviours related to stress and a decrease in signs of anxiety in cats supplemented with L-tryptophan[8][9]Tryptophan can be added to the diet or is available at higher levels in some commercial diets.
Herbs
References
- ↑ Anonymous. Council defines "nutraceutical." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1996; 209:1986.
- ↑ Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Diaz, C., et al. Comparison of the effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) versus selegiline hydrochloride on anxiety disorders in dogs. J Vet Behav 2007;2:175-83.
- ↑ Beata, C., Beaumont-Graff, E., Coll, V., et al. Effect of alpha-casozepine (Zylkene) on anxiety in cats. J Vet Behav 2007;2:40-6.
- ↑ Papakostas, G.I. The use of complementary and alternative medicines to achieve remission in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(Suppl. 5):18-22.
- ↑ 6
- ↑ 7
- ↑ Aronson, L. Animal behaviour case of the month. A dog was evaluated because of extreme fear. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:22-4.
- ↑ Da Graca Pereira, G., Fragoso, S., L-tryptophan supplementation and its effect of multi-housed cats and working dogs. Proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting. Hamburg, 2010, 30-35.
- ↑ Kato, M., Miyaji, K., Ohtani, N., et al. Effects of prescription diet on dealing with stressful situations and performance of anxiety-related behaviours in privately owned anxious dogs. 2012; 7:21-6
- Crane, S.W., Griffin, R.W. and Messent, P.R., 2000. Introduction to commercial pet foods. In: M.S. Hand, C.D. Thatcher, R.L. Remillard and P. Roudebush (eds), Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 4th edition (Mark Morris Institute, Topeka, Kansas, USA)
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