Difference between revisions of "Pleuritis"
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*Common in animals | *Common in animals | ||
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by: | *Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by: | ||
| − | **Extension from [[Lungs - | + | **Extension from [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] |
| − | ***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs - | + | ***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection |
**Bloodstream | **Bloodstream | ||
**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]] | **Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]] | ||
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*Most significant in: | *Most significant in: | ||
**'''Horses''' | **'''Horses''' | ||
| − | ***Usually secondary to [[Lungs - | + | ***Usually secondary to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]] |
***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated | ***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated | ||
***Usually yellow exudate | ***Usually yellow exudate | ||
Revision as of 21:31, 6 August 2008
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Pleuritis
- Inflammation of the pleura
- Common in animals
- Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
- Extension from pneumonia
- Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous bronchopneumonia)- inflammation of mesothelial cells associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
- Bloodstream
- Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from peritoneal cavity
- Penetration of the chest
- From mediastinal abscessation
- Penetration from oesophagus or abdominal viscus (commonly bovine traumatic recticulitis)
- Extension from pneumonia
- Common acute forms:
- Purulent
- Fibrinous
- Common sequele:
- Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket
- Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
- Common sequele:
- Granulomatous pleuritis may cause hypertrophic osteopathy
Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)
- Purulent effusion in the pleural space
- Most significant in:
- Horses
- Usually secondary to pneumonia or lung abscesses
- Streptococci are most commonly isolated
- Usually yellow exudate
- Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
- Dogs
- Often results from migrating grass awns
- Actinomyces, Nocardia and Bacteroides spp. are the most frequently recovered organisms
- Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
- Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
- Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
- Cats
- Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
- P. multocida and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
- Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
- Horses
Infectious causes of pleuritis
| . | VIRAL | BACTERIAL | FUNGAL | PARASITIC |
| Dogs | . | Nocardia | . | . |
| . | . | Actinomyces and Bacteroides spp. | . | . |
| . | . | Tuberculosis | . | . |
| Cats | FIP | P. multocida and other Gram-negative organisms | . | . |
| Horses | Hendra virus | extension from nasopharyngeal flora | . | . |
| . | . | Streptococci | . | . |
| Cattle | . | Pneumonic pasteurellosis | . | . |
| . | . | Tuberculosis | . | . |
| . | . | Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia | . | . |
| Sheep | . | Enzootic pneumonia | . | . |
| Pigs | Swine influenza | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae | . | . |
| . | . | Pasteurellosis | . | . |
| . | . | Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia | . | . |
| . | . | Glasser's disease | . | . |