Hepatic Lipidosis

See also:

Hyperlipaemia in horses and donkeys Fatty Liver Syndrome in cattle White liver disease and pregnancy toxaemia in sheep

Description

Hepatic lipidosis describes a syndrome caused by derangements in lipid and protein metabolism. It occurs in both cats and dogs but it is more clinically significant in cats. Similar phenomena occur in horses, donkeys, cattle and sheep when they are exposed to periods of metabolic stress. Hepatic lipidosis may be primary (or idiopathic) or it may be secondary to another disease.

Primary Lipidosis

Primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis is most commonly recognised in obese indoor cats following a period of anorexia. It is the most common hepatic disease of cats in North America but it is becoming more common in Europe. It occurs due to the accumulation of large amounts of lipid in hepatocytes, producing an acute hepatopathy. The mortality rate of this disease is high unless it is treated aggressively.

The pathogenesis involves a number of factors:

• Excessive lipid mobilisation induced by anorexia, starvation, illness or stress.
• Deficiency of dietary proteins and other nutrients, which reduces the capacity of the liver to produce lipid transport proteins and to metabolise fat. Recognised micronutrient deficiencies include arginine, carnitine, taurine and methionine.
• Disturbances in the neurohormonal control of appetite resulting in inappropriate anorexia.

Secondary Lipidosis

Secondary hepatic lipidosis is a neuroendocrine response in dogs and cats to other diseases, including pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease and primary hypertriglyceridaemia. Secondary hepatic lipidosis is therefore less closely associated with obesity and it may be seen in normal or even thin cats.

Signalment

Indoor and obese cats are more prone to the development of primary hepatic lipidosis during periods of stress or anorexia.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

• Often obese cats following a sudden starvation
• Anorexia and lethargy
• Jaundice
• Hepatic Encephalopathy
• Diarrhoea (sometimes)
• Palpable hepatomegaly (sometimes)
• Coagulopathies (sometimes)

Laboratory Tests

Biochemistry

• Markedly increased level in alanine
• Low gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration

Hepatic Lipidosis Histology - Copyright Karin Allenspach's lecture RVC

Diagnostic Imaging

Radiography

Abdominal radiography shows a marked hepatomegaly.

Ultrasonography

On ultrasound, an enlarged and diffusely hyperechoeic liver is seen.

Histopathology

Fine needle aspirate of the liver is normally sufficient for a diagnosis. Cytology demonstrates hepatocytes swollen with lipid. Biopsy and culture of the liver tissue is always indicated to determine the underlying cause of the disease.

Treatment

• Intensive treatment of cats is required for best outcome

Nutritional support

• For a period of 4 - 6 weeks.
• This is the most important treatment in hepatic lipidosis. It is vital to ensure that the diet is of adequate calorific content with an increase in protein content. Specific nutrients such as arginine, taurine, or carnitine may also be added.
• This can be done via different feeding systems such as naso-oesophageal tube, oesophagostomy tube, gastrostomy tube.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

• Treat this if presented.

Gastrointestinal drugs

• Anti-emetics and porkinetics such as ranitidine and metoclopromide if vomiting for delayed gastric emptying is present

Fluid therapy

• Intravenous fluid therapy in early stages of disease.
• Blood glucose and electrolytes especially potasium and phosphate should be monitored.

Coagulopathy

• Vitamin K supplement may be required if coagulopathy is significant.

Prognosis

This is dependent on the underlying cause. If treated appropriately, 85% of severely affected animals will recover.

References

• Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company.
• Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition) BSAVA
• Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.
• Tilley, L. P. & Smith, F. W. K. (2007) Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Canine & Feline (Fourth Edition) Blackwell Publishing

From Pathology

Hepatic lipidosis - fatty liver syndrome

• also known as lipid mobilisation syndrome
• any persistent abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells
• associated with
  • dietary factors: obesity and starvation
  • increased demand for energy: pregnancy, lactation, and starvation in physiological states
  • Diabetes mellitus, ketosis, and pregnancy toxaemia in pathological conditions
  • abnormal hepatocytic function: prevents fatty acids from forming complexes with proteins to form low density lipoproteins for secretion into the blood
• enlarged liver with round edges
• lightish yellow in colour
• cut surface is uniform and greasy to handle

The following are several important specific diseases in which fatty change is the main finding:

associated with obesity

Overfeeding will lead to the accumulation of fat in the liver

This is a normal physiological function but if a sudden check in dietary intake is imposed it may tip such an animal into serious ill health

Bovine

• fat cow syndrome (extreme form of fatty liver)
• occurs in well-fed dairy cows a few days postpartum
• an excessive accumulation of liver fat without being able to export it from the liver (during late dry period and early lactation)
• amount of fat deposited influenced by:
  • Body Condition Score (how fat the cow is)
  • Milk Yield (energy requirement)
  • Appetite (low in fat cows)
• triggered by various conditions:
  • abomasal displacement
  • mastitis
  • metritis
  • retained placenta
• can be fatal due to liver failure (up to 25% has been reported)

Clinical

• cow is sick
• poor appetite
• excessive weight loss
• downer
• high incidence of post parturient disease

Gross

• fat infiltration of liver
• enlarged
• rounded edges
• pale yellow colour
• friable

NB: will also get fat infiltration of liver in cows which have not been eating for several days so interpret carefully

Prevention

• dry off cows at correct BCS (up to 3.5)
• do not adjust BCS during dry period
• do not starve fat dry cows
• maintain appetite over late dry and calving period to prevent excessive weight loss and fat mobilisation
• use transistion diet

Feline

• feline fatty liver syndrome
• fairly similar and associated solely with obesity
• diagnosis on cytology/histopathology
• Survival rate is only 50-60%
• Pathophysiology:
  • Incompletely understood
  • Obese cats that lose 30-40% of body weight exhibit a similar syndrome to naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis
  • But many causative factors for naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis:
    • Peripheral lipolysis secondary to absolute or relative lack of insulin
    • Protein-calories malnutrition
    • Amino acid deficiencies – inability to synthesize apolipoproteins necessary to mobilize hepatic fat
    • Deficiency of lipotrophic compounds
    • Error of fatty acid oxidation
    • Hepatic perioxosomal damage due to oxidative stress
• Cats with hepatic lipidosis have higher nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) compared to controls and those with cholangiohepatitis
  • NEFAs are derived from lipolysis of fat stores and enter the liver
  • They are oxidized in the liver for energy or converted to phospholipids or cholesterol or reesterified to triglycerides
  • Limited increase in lipoprotein synthesis and secretion of triglycerides in VLDLs
  • Capacity for increase in oxidation by mitochondria and ketone body synthesis is low
  • Rate of fatty acid esterification to triglycerides is not limited so can lead to a marked increase in the accumulation of stored hepatic triglycerides
• Also all triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes in these cats comes from mobilized peripheral adipose stores during nutritional stress
  • high levels of triglyceride concentrations in the liver will cause:
    • severe periacinar necrosis
    • jaundice
    • hepatic encephalopathy
    • high mortality rate
• Lipolysis – under control of hormone-sensitive lipase  hydrolyses triglycerides to NEFAs and glycerol
  • Insulin – inhibits it
• Catecholamines (eg: released in stress, etc – neural input), glucocorticoids, thyroxine, GH and glucagons all promote lipolysis
• Lower insulin levels in cats with hepatic lipidosis or cholangiohepatitis compared to controls; and lower glucogon:insulin ratio in diseased cats
  • But as not lipidosis specific, not likely to be the main factor involved
• Higher serum triglycerides in lipidotic cats compared to controls

Hyperlipidaemia - Equine

White Liver Disease - Ovine

associated with anoxia and toxaemia

anoxia

• passive congestion
• anaemias

toxaemia

• toxins absorbed from the gut interfere with many stages of triglyceride metabolism