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In the southeastern United States, feeding of sub-optimal Coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors. It is thought this forage contains a high amount of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed. Sudden feed changes may also be a risk (38). In the UK, infection with the tapeworm ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' is an important risk factor. Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection(39). Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.
In the southeastern United States, feeding of sub-optimal Coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors. It is thought this forage contains a high amount of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed. Sudden feed changes may also be a risk (38). In the UK, infection with the tapeworm ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' is an important risk factor. Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection(39). Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Typical signs associated with [[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|small intestinal obstruction]]:
Typical signs associated with [[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|small intestinal obstruction]]:
*Moderate to severe colic
*Moderate to severe colic
*Reduced boriborygmi
*Tachycardia
*Nasogastric reflux may take a considerable time to develop because the ileum is the distal-most part of the small intestine. Reflux is found in 50% of horses requiring surgical conrrection for ileal impaction(35,41)
*Nasogastric reflux may take a considerable time to develop because the ileum is the distal-most part of the small intestine. Reflux is found in 50% of horses requiring surgical conrrection for ileal impaction(35,41)
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==