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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = Hypoderman spp.
|name = Hypoderman spp.
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Hypoderma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=48&y=17&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Hypoderma'' spp. publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Hypoderma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=48&y=17&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Hypoderma'' spp. publications]
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Causes [[Parasitic Myositis#Arthropods|myositis]]
*Production losses
**Condemnation and down-grading of hides
**Reduced milk yield and reduced weight gain
**Injury from stock panic
**Trimmed meat losses from ''H. lineatum''
***'Butcher's Jelly' around warbles which is green due to mass [[Eosinophils|eosinophil]] attraction
*Paraplegia resulting from
**Toxin release
**Pressure on the spinal cord (''H. bovis'')
**Bloat from pressure on the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal wall]] (''H. lineatum'')
'''Control'''
*Total eradication should be aimed for
*Old methods include popping out warbles
**But this could lead to anaphylactic shock
*[[Ectoparasiticides]]
**Systemic organophosphorus [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] in pour-on formula
**Avermectins and milbemycins in pour-on and injectible formulations
*Timing is crucial for treatment
**Larvae residing in winter resting sites, if killed, can lead to bloat and paraplegia
**It is safe to treat in the '''autumn''' before larvae reach their winter resting sites and in the '''spring''' when the warbles have migrated to the midline of the back
**Ivermectin can be given at any time without risking host infection as larval antigen is released much slower
'''Legislation in the UK'''
*'Warble Fly Order 1978' requires all clinically affected animals to be treated
*Notifiable disease
*'Warble Fly Infected Area Order 1983'
*For more information on the warble fly orders, see [http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/brucellosis/surveillance.htm| here]
in cattle
**May occasionally burrow into muscle
[[Category:Oestridae]]
[[Category:Oestridae]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:To Do - Clinical]]