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| ==Viral Infections== | | ==Viral Infections== |
− | ===Psittaciformes===
| + | <u>'''Psittaciformes'''</u> |
− | '''Pacheco's disease''' caused by a herpesvirus | + | :'''Pacheco's disease''' caused by a herpesvirus |
| + | :'''[[Polyomavirus|Avian polyomavirus]]''' |
| + | :'''Acute [[Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease]]''' |
| + | :'''[[Avian Adenoviruses|Adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis]]''' |
| + | :'''[[Avian Orthoreovirus|Reovirus-associated hepatitis]]''' |
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− | '''[[Polyomavirus|Avian polyomavirus]]''' | + | <u>'''Falconiformes'''</u> |
| + | :'''[[Avian Adenoviruses|Inclusion Body Hepatitis]]''' |
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− | '''Acute [[Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease]]''' | + | <u>'''Columbiformes, Strigiformes and others'''</u> |
| + | :'''Herpesvirus''' |
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− | '''Adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis''' | + | <u>'''Anseriformes'''</u> |
| + | '''[[Derzsy's Disease|Goose Virus Hepatitis]]''' |
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− | '''Reovirus-associated hepatitis''' | + | <u>'''Galliformes'''</u> |
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− | ===Falconiformes===
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− | '''Inclusion Body Hepatitis'''
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− | | |
− | ===Columbiformes, Strigiformes and others===
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− | '''Herpesvirus'''
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− | ===Anseriformes===
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− | '''Goose Virus Hepatitis''' | |
− | | |
− | ===Galliformes===
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| '''[[Mareks Disease]]''' | | '''[[Mareks Disease]]''' |
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| ===Gram-positive=== | | ===Gram-positive=== |
− | ''Staphylococcus'' and ''Streptococcus'' species are the most common organisms isolated. They '''disseminate through the blood''' from chronic necrotising skin lesions or can reach the liver by extension from adjacent air sacs. | + | ''[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococcus]]'' and ''[[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus]]'' species are the most common organisms isolated. They '''disseminate through the blood''' from chronic necrotising skin lesions or can reach the liver by extension from adjacent [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]. |
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− | ''Clostridia'' are of intestinal origin and can cause hepatitis. | + | ''[[:Category:Clostridium species|Clostridia]]'' are of intestinal origin and can cause hepatitis. |
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− | ''Listeria monocytogenes'' can also cause disease, although it is a rare pathogen of birds. | + | ''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]'' can also cause disease, although it is a rare pathogen of birds. |
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| ===Gram-negative=== | | ===Gram-negative=== |
| These are the most common causes of systemic bacterial infection. | | These are the most common causes of systemic bacterial infection. |
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− | '''Members of the Enterobacteriaceae''', including ''E. coli'', ''Klebsiella'', ''Proteus'', ''Salmonella'', ''Yersinia'' and ''Enterobacter'' are common isolates. | + | '''Members of the [[:Category:Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriaceae]]''', including ''[[E. coli]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Proteus]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Yersinia]]'' and ''Enterobacter'' are common isolates. |
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| This is usually secondary to invasion from the gut or extension up the biliary tree. | | This is usually secondary to invasion from the gut or extension up the biliary tree. |
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| ==Parasites== | | ==Parasites== |
− | ===Apicomplexa===
| + | '''Apicomplexa''': ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' and ''[[Sarcocystis]]'' |
− | ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' | |
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− | ''[[Sarcocystis]]'' | |
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− | ===Hemoprotozoa===
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− | ''Plasmodium''
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− | | |
− | ''Leukocytozoon''
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− | ''Hemoproteus''
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− | ===Sarcomastigophora===
| + | '''Hemoprotozoa''': ''[[Plasmodium]]'', ''[[Leukocytozoon]]'' and ''Hemoproteus'' |
− | ''[[Trichomonosis - Birds|Trichomonas gallinae]]'' infections which become generalised. | |
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− | ''[[Histomonas|Histomonas meleagridis]]'' which is predominantly a disease of turkeys. | + | '''Sarcomastigophora''': ''[[Trichomonosis - Birds|Trichomonas gallinae]]'' infections which become generalised, ''[[Histomonas|Histomonas meleagridis]]'' which is predominantly a disease of turkeys. |
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− | ===Microspora===
| + | '''Microspora''': ''Encephalitozoon hellem'' |
− | ''Encephalitozoon hellem'' | |
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| ==Toxic Hepatitis== | | ==Toxic Hepatitis== |
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| ==Idiopathic== | | ==Idiopathic== |
− | '''Chronic-active hepatitis''', or cirrhosis, is common in psittacine birds, particularly parrots, cockatiels, mackaws and budgerigars. The cause of the hepatitis cannot be determined due to the chronicity of the lesions. | + | '''Chronic-active hepatitis''', or [[cirrhosis]], is common in psittacine birds, particularly parrots, cockatiels, mackaws and budgerigars. The cause of the hepatitis cannot be determined due to the chronicity of the lesions. |
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| {{Learning | | {{Learning |
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− | [[Category:To Do - Helen]] | + | {{review}} |
− | [[Category:To Do - Review]] | + | [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]] |
| + | [[Category:Expert Review - Birds]] |