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===Clostridium botulinum===
===''Clostridium tetani''===
*Causes [[Tremors and Movement Disorders - Nervous System#Tetanus|tetanus]]
*Acute, potentially fatal intoxication affecting many species
*Horses and man particularly susceptible; carnivores fairly resistant
*Found in horse faeces
*Characteristics:
**Terminal, spherical endospores give mother cells a drumstick appearance
**Enodospores resistant to boiling and chemicals but susceptible to autoclaving
**Swarming growth and haemolytic on blood agar
**Many serotypes but all produce same neurotoxin, tetanospasmin, therefore antibodies neutralise all
*Pathogenesis:
**Endospores introduced via damaaged tissues e.g. penetrating wounds
**Anaerobic conditions in the damaged tissue creates an anaerobic environment, allowing germination of spores
**Tetanospasmin made by bacteria replicating in damaged tissue
**Absorbed toxin affects neuromuscular junction distant from site of toxin production
**
===''Clostridium botulinum''===
*
*The toxin also causes [[Muscles - degenerative#Botulism|botulism]]
*Toxin produced in decaying organic matter absorbed from GIT into the blood and affects neuromuscular junction
*Implicated in [[Intestines - physical disturbances#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]]
===Clostridium chauvei===
===Clostridium chauvei===
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
===Diagnosis===
===Diagnosis===